WELDING AND COATING METALLURGY

Steels are alloys of iron with generally less than 1% carbon plus a wide range of other elements. Some of these elements are added deliberately to impart special properties and others are impurities not completely removed (sometimes deliberately) during the steel making process. Elements may be present in solid solution or combined as intermetallic compounds with iron, carbon or other elements. Some elements, namely carbon, nitrogen, boron and hydrogen, form interstitial solutions with iron whereas others such as manganese and silicon form substitutional solutions. Beyond......