WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
Protocols, Standards, and Techniques
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
Protocols, Standards, and Techniques
Michel Daoud Yacoub
CRC PR E S S
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
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Dedication
Technology has its time; knowledge is timeless.
Technowledge boosts Technowledge.
To those who idealize, conceive, standardize, implement, test, operate, main-
tain, upgrade; to those professionals, for whose knowledge and work we owe
the technology and all it conveys—to those technowledgers—I pay my most
sincere tribute.
I dedicate this book to my beloved family. Thank you, Maria N´dia, my pre-
ı
cious wife, and thank you, Alexandre, Helena, Carolina, Ricardo, Vin´cius,
ı
and Elisa, my wonderful children, for your love, patience, and unconditional
support.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Preface
We can always wait a bit longer to write a better book on technology. We can
always wait . . .
In this ever-changing technological scenario, keeping pace with the rapid
evolution of wireless technology is a formidable, exciting, and indispensable
task more than a challenge. The work is indeed herculean and often dis-
couraging, for technology is vast, the number of topics to be approached is
immense, the documentation on standards and recommendations comprises
piles of uncountable pages, and we often find we are leaving something im-
portant behind when selecting the appropriate subject matter to explore. The
consolation, if any, is that as we explore the technologies, we find that much
commonality exists among them, although particular features are rather dif-
ferent in each.
The challenge of writing a book in such a “hot” and vivacious field is to
provide a clear and concise resource to accommodate the learning process of
the basic functions of the main technologies. I did try to keep this in mind
throughout the course of selection and description of the topics included in
this book. I hope I have succeeded, at least to a certain extent.
The book, divided into five parts, describes protocols, standards, and tech-
niques for 2G and 3G technologies, including those specific to wireless mul-
timedia. The first part—Introduction—contains three chapters and covers the
basic principles of wireless communications. The second part—2G Systems—
consists of two chapters and describes two leading technologies of the second
generation. The third part—Wireless Data—comprises one chapter and intro-
duces three main wireless data technologies. The fourth part—3G Systems—
encompasses three chapters and details the general concepts of third-
generation systems as well as two chief third-generation technologies. The
fifth part—Appendices—provides a glimpse at some telecommunication is-
sues that are relevant to the understanding of the main text and that are not
covered in the introductory part of the book. A more detailed description of
the book structure follows.
Part I: Introduction
Chapter 1—Wireless Network —develops the wireless network concepts within
the Intelligent Network framework and describes the basic functions a tele-
communication system must provide so that wireless and mobile capabili-
ties can be implemented. General network and protocol architectures and
channel structures are described that are common to the main systems. These
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
descriptions are based on ITU Recommendations, which generalize those con-
cepts that have been used for the various cellular networks. Specific solutions
are then detailed in the other chapters.
Chapter 2—Cellular Principles—introduces the cellular technology funda-
mentals, providing a unified approach of these concepts for narrowband
and wideband solutions. Topics explored in this chapter include universal
frequency reuse, sectorization, power control, handoff, voice activity, inter-
ference, and others. Besides the traditional hexagonal tessellation for macro-
cellular networks, the chapter examines the subject of reuse pattern for micro-
cellular systems. In addition, hierarchical cell structure, overall mean capacity
for multirate systems, and the main features of narrowband and wideband
networks are also addressed.
Chapter 3—Multiple Access—analyzes a considerable number of multiple
access control techniques. Several conventional and more advanced duplex-
ing and multiple access protocols are detailed that comply with the various
classes of traffic and multirate transmission utilized in broadband services.
The access and duplexing methods are explored in the frequency domain,
time domain, code domain, and space domain. The performance of the tech-
niques is investigated in terms of channel capacity, throughput, and delay.
Part II: 2G Systems
Chapter 4—GSM—describes the Global System for Mobile Communication
cellular network in terms of its features and services, architecture, phy-
sical channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and
particular features.
Chapter 5—cdmaOne—details the features and services, architecture, phys-
ical channels, logical channels, signaling messages, call management, and
particular features for TIA/EIA/IS-95-A as well as for its evolved version
TIA/EIA/IS-95-B.
Part III: Wireless Data
Chapter 6—Wireless Data Technology—depicts three data technologies ap-
plied to wireless networks, namely, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS),
TIA/EIA/IS-95B, and High Data Rate (HDR). These technologies are de-
scribed in terms of their basic architectures and achievable data transmission
rates.
Part IV: 3G Systems
Chapter 7—IMT-2000—introduces the topic on third-generation wireless net-
works based on the International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-
2000) concept. It describes the functional subsystems, the IMT-2000 family
concept, and the capability set concept. It also develops the network func-
tional model for IMT-2000.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Chapter 8—UTRA—details the IMT-2000 radio interface for direct
sequence code division multiple access, the so-called Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA) or Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) 3G radio transmis-
sion technology. Descriptions include its FDD as well as its TDD options.
Chapter 9—cdma2000—details the IMT-2000 CDMA multicarrier radio
interface, the so-called cdma2000 3G radio transmission technology. Des-
criptions include its various radio configurations, the 1xEV-DO radio con-
figuration option being one of them.
Part V: Appendices
These Appendices provide tutorial information on topics such as OSI Refer-
ence Model, Signaling System Number 7, Spread Spectrum, and Positioning
of Interferers in a Microcellular Grid.
The book is suitable as text as well as a reference. As a textbook, it fits into
a semester course for both undergraduate and graduate levels in electrical
engineering, wireless communications, and more generally in information
technology. As a reference, it serves systems engineers and analysts, hard-
ware and software developers, researchers, and engineers responsible for
the operation, maintenance, and management of wireless communication
systems.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to a number of people who have generously helped with the
completion of this book. Some provided me with updated material and origi-
nal results, others revised parts of the manuscript, and still others stimulated
discussions and lent me their ideas, suggestions, incentive, encouragement,
motivation, and so many distinct forms of assistance. In the endeavor to cite
their names, I may inadvertently leave some out, for they are many and my
memory will certainly deceive me. To these who are not quoted here, my
forgiveness.
I thank Professor Kenneth W. Cattermole, Professor Att´lio J. Giarola, Pro-
ı
fessor Helio Waldman, Professor Dalton S. Arantes, Professor Rui F. de Souza,
Professor Ivan L. M. Ricarte, Dr. Antonio F. de Toledo, Dr. Ailton A. Shinoda,
ˆ
´
Dr. Omar C. Branquinho, Dr. C´ sar K. d’Avila, Dr. Ernesto L. A. Neto, Dr. Paula
e
R. C. Gomez, Alexandre R. Esper, Alexandre R. Romero, Antonio V. Rodrigues,
ˆ
Cl´ udio R. C. M. da Silva, Edigar Alves, Fabbryccio A. C. M. Cardoso, and
a
Gustavo Fraidenraich. I am also indebted to my colleagues of the Department
of Communications (DECOM), School of Electrical Engineering (FEEC), at
The State University of Campinas (UNICAMP).
I would like to express my gratitude to FEEC, CPqD, CelTec/CelPlan, Eric-
sson, IBM, Telesp Celular, Motorola, Instituto Eldorado, Lucent Technologies,
CNPq, CAPES, and FAPESP for supporting my research efforts in wireless
communications over the years.
Finally, I am very thankful to the CRC Press staff for their support and
incentive and for the opportunity to publish this book.
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Wireless Network
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Intelligent Network
1.2.1 IN Protocol Architecture
1.2.2 IN Elements
1.2.3 Wireless Service Requirements
1.2.4 Wireless IN Services
1.2.5 IN Standards
1.3 Network Architecture
1.4 Protocol Architecture
1.5 Channel Structure
1.5.1 RF Channel
1.5.2 Physical Channel
1.5.3 Logical Channel
1.6 Narrowband and Wideband Systems
1.7 Multiple Access
1.7.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
1.7.2 Time Division Multiple Access
1.7.3 Code Division Multiple Access
1.7.4 Space Division Multiple Access
1.8 Summary
2 Cellular Principles
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cellular Hierarchy
2.3 System Management
2.3.1 Link Quality Measurement
2.3.2 Cell Selection
2.3.3 Channel Selection/Assignment
2.3.4 Handover
2.3.5 Mobility Support
2.4 System Performance
2.4.1 Interference Control
2.4.2 Diversity Strategies
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
2.4.3 Variable Data Rate Control
2.4.4 Capacity Improvement Techniques
2.4.5 Battery-Saving Techniques
2.5 Cellular Reuse Pattern
2.6 Macrocellular Reuse Pattern
2.6.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)
2.6.2 Reuse Ratio
2.6.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells
2.7 Microcellular Reuse Pattern
2.7.1 Reuse Factor (Number of Cells per Cluster)
2.7.2 Reuse Ratio
2.7.3 Positioning of the Co-Cells
2.8 Interference in Narrowband and Wideband Systems
2.9 Interference in Narrowband Macrocellular Systems
2.9.1 Downlink Interference—Omnidirectional Antenna
2.9.2 Uplink Interference—Omnidirectional Antenna
2.9.3 Downlink Interference—Directional Antenna
2.9.4 Uplink Interference—Directional Antenna
2.9.5 Examples
2.10 Interference in Narrowband Microcellular Systems
2.10.1 Propagation
2.10.2 Uplink Interference
2.10.3 Downlink Interference
2.10.4 Examples
2.11 Interference in Wideband Systems
2.11.1 Uplink Interference
2.11.2 Downlink Interference
2.12 Network Capacity
2.12.1 Narrowband Systems
2.12.2 Wideband Systems
2.12.3 Uplink Load Factor
2.12.4 Downlink Load Factor
2.13 Summary
3 Multiple Access
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Signal Domains
3.2.1 Frequency Domain
3.2.2 Time Domain
3.2.3 Code Domain
3.2.4 Space Domain
3.2.5 Brief Remarks on Signal Domains
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
3.3 Duplexing
3.3.1 Frequency Division Duplexing
3.3.2 Time Division Duplexing
3.3.3 Code Division Duplexing
3.3.4 Space Division Duplexing
3.3.5 Brief Remarks on Duplexing Techniques
3.4 Multiple-Access Categories
3.5 Scheduled Multiple Access
3.5.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access
3.5.2 Time Division Multiple Access
3.5.3 Code Division Multiple Access
3.5.4 Space Division Multiple Access
3.5.5 Brief Remarks on Scheduled Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.6 Random Multiple Access
3.6.1 ALOHA
3.6.2 Splitting Algorithms
3.6.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access
3.6.4 Brief Remarks on Random Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.7 Controlled Multiple Access
3.7.1 Polling Controlled
3.7.2 Token Controlled
3.7.3 Brief Remarks on Controlled Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.8 Hybrid Multiple Access
3.8.1 Reservation-ALOHA (R-ALOHA)
3.8.2 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA)
3.8.3 Distributed Queuing Request Update Multiple
Access (DQRUMA)
3.8.4 Dynamic Slot Assignment (DSA++ )
3.8.5 Dynamic TDMA with Piggyback
Reservation (DTDMA/PR)
3.8.6 Mobile Access Scheme Based on Contention
and Reservation for ATM (MASCARA)
3.8.7 Dynamic TDMA with Time Division
Duplex (DTDMA/TDD)
3.8.8 Resource Auction Multiple
Access (RAMA)
3.8.9 Brief Remarks on Hybrid Multiple-Access
Techniques
3.9 Summary
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
Part II 2G Systems
4 GSM
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Features and Services
4.2.1 Teleservices
4.2.2 Bearer Services
4.2.3 Supplementary Services
4.3 Architecture
4.3.1 Mobile Station Subsystem
4.3.2 Base Station Subsystem
4.3.3 Network and Switching Subsystem
4.3.4 Operation and Support Subsystem
4.3.5 Open Interfaces
4.4 Multiple Access
4.4.1 Signal Processing
4.4.2 Multiple Access
4.4.3 Physical Channels
4.4.4 Burst Formats
4.4.5 Logical Channels
4.4.6 Multiframes
4.5 The Logical Channels
4.5.1 Traffic Channels
4.5.2 Frequency Correction Channel
4.5.3 Synchronization Channel
4.5.4 Broadcast Control Channel
4.5.5 Paging Channel
4.5.6 Access Grant Channel
4.5.7 Random Access Channel
4.5.8 Stand-Alone Dedicated Control Channel
4.5.9 Slow Associated Control Channel
4.5.10 Fast Associated Control Channel
4.6 Messages
4.6.1 DLC Messages
4.6.2 RRM Messages
4.6.3 CM Messages
4.6.4 MM Messages
4.7 Call Management
4.7.1 Mobile Initialization
4.7.2 Location Update
4.7.3 Authentication
4.7.4 Ciphering
4.7.5 Mobile Station Termination
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
4.7.6 Mobile Station Origination
4.7.7 Handover
4.7.8 Call Clearing
4.8 Frequency Hopping
4.9 Discontinuous Transmission
4.10 Power Control
4.11 Spectral Efficiency
4.12 Summary
5 cdmaOne
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Features and Services
5.2.1 Voice Features
5.2.2 Short Message Service Features
5.3 Architecture
5.3.1 Mobile Station
5.3.2 Base Station
5.3.3 Mobile Switching Center
5.3.4 Home Location Register
5.3.5 Visitor Location Register
5.3.6 Authentication Center
5.3.7 Equipment Identity Register
5.3.8 Message Center
5.3.9 Short Message Entity
5.3.10 Data Message Handler
5.3.11 Operations System
5.3.12 Interworking Function
5.3.13 External Networks
5.3.14 Interface Reference Points
5.4 Multiple-Access Structure
5.4.1 Forward Link
5.4.2 Reverse Link
5.4.3 Physical Channels
5.4.4 Logical Channels
5.5 The Logical Channels
5.5.1 Pilot Channel
5.5.2 Sync Channel
5.5.3 Paging Channel
5.5.4 Access Channel
5.5.5 Traffic Channel—Forward and
Reverse Links
5.6 Signaling Format
5.7 Messages, Orders, and Parameters
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
5.8 Messages and Orders and Logical Channels
5.8.1 Pilot Channel
5.8.2 Sync Channel
5.8.3 Paging Channel
5.8.4 Access Channel
5.8.5 Traffic Channel: Forward and Reverse Links
5.8.6 Forward Traffic Channel
5.8.7 Reverse Traffic Channel
5.9 Mobile Station Call Processing
5.9.1 Mobile Station Initialization State
5.9.2 Mobile Station Idle State
5.9.3 System Access State
5.9.4 Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State
5.10 Base Station Call Processing
5.10.1 Pilot and Sync Channel Processing
5.10.2 Paging Channel Processing
5.10.3 Access Channel Processing
5.10.4 Traffic Channel Processing
5.11 Authentication, Message Encryption, and Voice Privacy
5.12 Authentication
5.12.1 Updating the Shared Secret Data
5.12.2 Mobile Station Registrations
5.12.3 Mobile Station Originations
5.12.4 Mobile Station Terminations
5.12.5 Mobile Station Data Burst
5.12.6 Unique Challenge-Response Procedure
5.13 Message Encryption
5.14 Voice Privacy
5.15 Roaming
5.16 Handoff
5.16.1 Types of Handoff
5.16.2 Handoff and Pilot Sets
5.16.3 Handoff Parameters
5.16.4 Handoff Messages
5.16.5 Pilot Sets Updating
5.17 Power Control
5.17.1 Reverse-Link Power Control
5.17.2 Forward-Link Power Control
5.18 Call Procedures
5.18.1 Mobile Station Origination
5.18.2 Mobile Station Termination
5.18.3 Call Disconnect
5.19 EIA/TIA/IS-95B
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
5.19.1 Increase in the Transmission Rate
5.19.2 Power Control
5.19.3 Soft Handoff Criteria
5.19.4 Hard Handoff
5.19.5 Idle Handoff
5.19.6 Conclusions
5.20 Summary
Part III Wireless Data
6 Wireless Data Technology
6.1 Introduction
6.2 General Packet Radio Service
6.2.1 Network Architecture
6.2.2 Protocol Architecture
6.2.3 Data Flow and Data Structure
6.2.4 Physical Channels and Logical Channels
6.2.5 Medium Access
6.2.6 Data Transfer Procedure
6.2.7 Mobile-Originated Data Transfer
6.2.8 Mobile-Terminated Data Transfer
6.2.9 Throughput Performance
6.2.10 GPRS—Summary
6.3 EIA/TIA/IS-95B
6.4 High Data Rate
6.4.1 HDR Solution
6.4.2 Network Architecture
6.4.3 Protocol Architecture
6.4.4 Channels and Channel Structure
6.4.5 Medium Access
6.4.6 Throughput Performance
6.4.7 Handoff Features
6.4.8 HDR Summary
6.5 Summary
Part IV 3G Systems
7 IMT-2000
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Some Definitions
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
7.3 Frequency Allocation
7.4 Features and Services
7.5 Traffic Classes
7.6 IMT-2000 System and IMT-2000 Family
7.6.1 Interfaces
7.6.2 Global Roaming
7.7 Specific Functions
7.7.1 Overall System Access Control Functions
7.7.2 Radio Resource Management and Control Functions
7.7.3 Random-Access Functions
7.7.4 Radio Resource Request Acceptability Functions
7.7.5 Channel Coding Function
7.7.6 Handover Function
7.7.7 Location Management and Geographic
Position–Finding Functions
7.7.8 Mobile Call Handling Functions
7.7.9 Data Coding and Compression Functions
7.7.10 Network Intelligence and Service Control Functions
7.7.11 User Privacy and Network Security Functions
7.7.12 Emergency Services Functions
7.7.13 Charging Functions
7.7.14 Support of Users Function
7.7.15 Subscriber Data Management Functions
7.7.16 Messaging Service Management Functions
7.7.17 Software-Configurable Terminals Functions
7.8 Network Architecture
7.8.1 Physical Entities—Reference Model
7.8.2 Interface—Reference Points
7.9 Physical Entities and Functional Entities
7.9.1 User Identity Module
7.9.2 Mobile Terminal
7.9.3 Base Station
7.9.4 Radio Network Controller
7.9.5 Authentication Center
7.9.6 Drift MSC
7.9.7 Gateway Location Register
7.9.8 Gateway MSC
7.9.9 Home Location Register
7.9.10 Intelligent Peripheral
7.9.11 Mobile Switching Center
7.9.12 Packet Data Gateway Node
7.9.13 Packet Data Serving Node
7.9.14 Service Control Point
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
7.9.15 Service Data Point
7.9.16 Visitor Location Register
7.10 Functional Entities and Their Interrelations
7.11 Application of the IMT-2000 Family Member Concept
7.11.1 Radio Transmission Technology
7.11.2 Core Network
7.11.3 Radio Transmission Technologies and
Core Networks
7.12 Toward 3G
7.12.1 An Overview
7.12.2 Network Architecture
7.13 Summary
8 UTRA
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Network Architecture
8.3 Protocol Architecture
8.3.1 Radio Network Layer
8.3.2 Transport Network Layer
8.4 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
8.4.1 Layer 3
8.4.2 Layer 2
8.4.3 Layer 1
8.5 Logical Channels
8.6 Transport Channels and Indicators
8.7 Physical Channels and Physical Signals
8.7.1 UTRA FDD Physical Channels
8.7.2 UTRA TDD Physical Channels
8.8 Mapping of Channels
8.9 Physical Layer Transmission Chain
8.10 Channel and Frame Structures
8.10.1 UTRA FDD Uplink Physical Channels
8.10.2 UTRA FDD Downlink Physical Channels
8.10.3 UTRA TDD-3.84
8.10.4 UTRA TDD-1.28
8.11 Spreading and Modulation
8.11.1 Uplink Spreading
8.11.2 Downlink Spreading
8.12 Spreading Codes
8.12.1 Channelization Codes
8.12.2 Uplink Scrambling Codes
8.12.3 Downlink Scrambling Codes
8.13 UTRA Procedures
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
8.13.1 Cell Search
8.13.2 Common Physical Channel Synchronization
8.13.3 Radio Link Establishment and Monitoring
8.13.4 Uplink DPCCH and DPDCH Reception
8.13.5 Uplink Power Control
8.13.6 Downlink Power Control
8.13.7 Paging Procedure
8.13.8 Random-Access Procedure
8.13.9 CPCH Access Procedure
8.13.10 Transmit Diversity
8.13.11 Handover Procedure
8.13.12 Timing Advance
8.13.13 Dynamic Channel Allocation
8.14 Interference Issues
8.15 Summary
9 cdma2000
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Network Architecture
9.2.1 Network Entities
9.2.2 Reference Points
9.3 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
9.3.1 Upper Layers
9.3.2 Layer 2
9.3.3 Layer 1
9.4 Logical Channels
9.5 Physical Channels
9.6 Mapping of Channels
9.7 Achievable Rates
9.8 Forward Link
9.8.1 General
9.8.2 Spreading Rate
9.8.3 Physical Channels
9.8.4 Radio Configuration
9.8.5 Power Control
9.8.6 Transmit Diversity
9.8.7 Transmission Block
9.9 Reverse Link
9.9.1 General
9.9.2 Spreading Rate
9.9.3 Physical Channels
9.9.4 Radio Configuration
9.9.5 Transmission Block
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
9.10 Forward Physical Channels
9.10.1 Forward Pilot Channel
9.10.2 Forward Transmit Diversity Pilot Channel
9.10.3 Forward Auxiliary Pilot Channel
9.10.4 Forward Auxiliary Transmit Diversity
Pilot Channel
9.10.5 Forward Dedicated Auxiliary Pilot Channel
9.10.6 Forward Synchronization Channel
9.10.7 Forward Paging Channel
9.10.8 Forward Broadcast Control Channel
9.10.9 Forward Quick Paging Channel
9.10.10 Forward Common Control Channel
9.10.11 Forward Common Assignment Channel
9.10.12 Forward Common Power Control Channel
9.10.13 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward
Supplemental Code Channel
9.10.14 Forward Fundamental Channel and Forward
Supplemental Channel
9.10.15 Forward Dedicated Control Channel
9.11 Reverse Physical Channels
9.11.1 Reverse Access Channel
9.11.2 Reverse Enhanced Access Channel
9.11.3 Reverse Common Control Channel
9.11.4 Reverse Pilot Channel and Reverse Power
Control Subchannel
9.11.5 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse
Supplemental Code Channel
9.11.6 Reverse Fundamental Channel and Reverse
Supplemental Channel
9.11.7 Reverse Dedicated Control Channel
9.12 High-Rate Packet Data Access
9.12.1 Forward Link—General
9.12.2 Forward-Link Channels
9.12.3 Forward-Link Quadrature Spreading
9.12.4 Forward-Link Data Rates and Modulation
Parameters
9.12.5 Forward-Link Transmission
9.12.6 Reverse Link—General
9.12.7 Reverse-Link Channels
9.12.8 Reverse-Link Quadrature Spreading
9.12.9 Reverse-Link Data Rates and Modulation
Parameters
9.12.10 Reverse-Link Transmission
© 2002 by CRC Press LLC
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