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A vector is a quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction. Examples of vector quantities are displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force. A vector quantity can be represented by an arrow drawn to scale. The length of the arrow is proportional to the magnitude of the vector quantity. The direction of the arrow represents the direction of the vector quantity.physics in general is the most scientific study of "physical" and "interaction".

Chapter XXV Quantum Generators

• Imagine an atom with excess energy. Without external action, the atom would, after a period of time, spontaneously emit light, whose properties (e.g. its direction) are random — only the energy is fixed. • This situation changes when the atom is shone with a light wave of the corresponding energy. There is then a higher probability that the atom will also simply copy the remaining properties of the incident wave: It then emits light that is in step with the original and propagates in the same direction....

Chapter XXIV Crystalline Solids

To have a quantum-mechanical treatment we model a crystalline solid as matter in which the atoms have long-range order, that is a recurring (periodical) pattern of atomic positions that extends over many atoms. We will describe the wavefunctions and energy levels of electrons in such periodical atomic structures.  We want to answer the question: Why do some solids conduct curr We want to answer the question: Why do some solids conduct current ent and others don and others don’ ’t? t?...

Chapter XXIII Nuclear Physics

It is well known for you that every atom contains as its center a nucleus that is: positively charged much smaller in size than the atom carrying almost the total mass of the atom This chapter provides deeper knowledge about NUCLEI

Chapter XXII Atomic Structure

Rutherford (also Geiger-Marsden) Experiment (1911): Measured angular dependence of   particles (He ions) scattered from gold foil. The results: • Mostly scattering at small angles. But… • Occasional scatterings at large angles (even 90o)  Something massive in there ! Conclusion: Most of atomic mass is concentrated in a small region of the atom Recall some history:

Chapter XXI Quantum Mechan

It has been known from the previous chapter that light, and in general, electromagnetic waves have particle behavior. Some latter time than the quantum theory of light, it was discovered that particles show also wavelike behavior. The wave-particle duality of matter is the fundamental concept of modern physics Newton’s classical physics should be replaced by the new mechanics which is able to describe the wave nature of particles

Chapter XX Quantum theory of light

At the end of the 19-th century, physics was at its most confidence situation. Classical phyics, as formulated in Newton’s law of mechanics and Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism, have proved very successful in solving every problem. →At that time there seemed to be no question for which physics could not provide an answer !!! But then it came as a great shock when some simple phenomena were observed which could not be explained by classical physics →a new theory, quantum theory, was developed at the beginning of the 20-th century...

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