PHOTOSHOP 5.5 FOR THE WEB
Adobe Photoshop (thường được gọi là Photoshop) là một phần mềm đồ họa chuyên dụng của hãng Adobe Systems ra đời vào năm 1988 trên hệ máy Macintosh. Photoshop được đánh giá là phần mềm dẫn đầu thị trường về sửa ảnh bitmap và được coi là chuẩn cho các ngành liên quan tới chỉnh sửa ảnh. Từ phiên bản Photoshop 7.0 ra đời năm 2002, Photoshop đã làm lên một cuộc cách mạng về ảnh bitmap. Phiên bản mới nhất hiện nay là Adobe Photoshop CS4 (Version 11.0): với 2 bản Standard và Extended nằm trong bộ Creative Suite...
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Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1 – DIGITAL GRAPHICS................................................................... 1
The RGB Color Space ........................................................................................ 2
Image Resolution & Color Depth ...................................................................... 2
Image Types ....................................................................................................... 3
Bitmap Images.................................................................................................. 3
Vector Images .................................................................................................. 3
File Types............................................................................................................ 5
GIF Format ....................................................................................................... 5
JPEG Format.................................................................................................... 6
PNG Format ..................................................................................................... 6
Review Questions: Digital Graphics................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 2 – THE PHOTOSHOP ENVIRONMENT .......................................... 9
The Photoshop Workspace ............................................................................. 10
Photoshop’s Menus ......................................................................................... 11
File.................................................................................................................. 11
Edit ................................................................................................................. 11
Image.............................................................................................................. 11
Layer............................................................................................................... 11
Select.............................................................................................................. 11
Filter................................................................................................................ 11
View................................................................................................................ 12
Window........................................................................................................... 12
Help ................................................................................................................ 12
The Toolbox...................................................................................................... 13
Adobe Online.................................................................................................. 14
Painting Tools................................................................................................. 14
Type Tool........................................................................................................ 15
Measure Tool.................................................................................................. 15
Gradient Tool.................................................................................................. 15
Paint Bucket Tool ........................................................................................... 15
Eyedropper Tool ............................................................................................. 15
Hand Tool ....................................................................................................... 15
Zoom Tool ...................................................................................................... 15
Foreground/Background Colors...................................................................... 15
Edit Mode ....................................................................................................... 16
Screen Mode .................................................................................................. 16
Jump............................................................................................................... 16
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Table of Contents
Palettes ............................................................................................................. 17
Navigator Palette ............................................................................................ 17
Info Palette ..................................................................................................... 18
Options Palette ............................................................................................... 18
Color Palette................................................................................................... 18
Swatches Palette............................................................................................ 19
Brushes Palette .............................................................................................. 19
History Palette ................................................................................................ 19
Actions Palette................................................................................................ 20
Layers Palette................................................................................................. 20
Channels Palette ............................................................................................ 20
Paths Palette .................................................................................................. 21
Setting Preferences ......................................................................................... 21
Preferences - Units & Rulers .......................................................................... 22
Preferences – General.................................................................................... 23
Preferences - Saving Files.............................................................................. 25
Preferences - Display and Cursors................................................................. 26
Preferences - Transparency & Gamut ............................................................ 27
Preferences - Guides and Grid ....................................................................... 28
Preferences - Plug-Ins & Scratch Disks.......................................................... 29
Preferences - Memory & Image Cache........................................................... 30
ImageReady ...................................................................................................... 31
Review Questions: The Photoshop Environment ......................................... 32
CHAPTER 3 – CREATING NEW IMAGES........................................................ 34
Creating New Images....................................................................................... 35
Name .............................................................................................................. 35
Width & Height................................................................................................ 35
Resolution....................................................................................................... 36
Mode............................................................................................................... 36
Contents ......................................................................................................... 36
Image Window................................................................................................ 37
Scanning Images into Photoshop .................................................................. 38
Importing Existing Images into Photoshop ................................................... 39
Open Dialog Box ............................................................................................ 39
Image Mode ...................................................................................................... 39
Magnification/Navigation Controls ................................................................. 41
Navigator Palette ............................................................................................ 41
Zoom Tool ...................................................................................................... 42
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Table of Contents
Hand Tool ....................................................................................................... 42
The History Palette........................................................................................... 42
The Snapshot ................................................................................................. 42
The State ........................................................................................................ 42
Maximum History States................................................................................. 43
Automatically Create First Snapshot .............................................................. 43
Allow Non-Linear History ................................................................................ 43
Review Questions: Creating New Images ...................................................... 45
CHAPTER 4 – USING SELECTIONS AND CHANNELS .................................. 47
Selections and Channels................................................................................. 48
Selection Tools................................................................................................. 48
Marquee Tool ................................................................................................. 48
Multiple Selections.......................................................................................... 49
Modifying Selections....................................................................................... 49
Info Palette ..................................................................................................... 50
Moving Selections .......................................................................................... 50
Lasso Tool ...................................................................................................... 51
Options Palette................................................................................................. 52
Feather ........................................................................................................... 52
Style................................................................................................................ 53
Lasso Width.................................................................................................... 54
Frequency....................................................................................................... 54
Edge Contrast................................................................................................. 54
Magic Wand Tool............................................................................................ 54
The Pen Tool..................................................................................................... 55
Direction Selection Tool.................................................................................. 55
Convert Point Tool.......................................................................................... 55
Add/Delete Anchor Point Tools....................................................................... 56
Freeform Pen Tool.......................................................................................... 56
Magnetic Pen Tool.......................................................................................... 56
Creating a Selection from a Path .................................................................... 56
Creating Selections in Quick Mask Mode ...................................................... 57
Quick Mask Options ....................................................................................... 57
Creating a Selection with Color Range .......................................................... 58
Color Range Dialog-Box ................................................................................. 58
Saving Selections with the Channel Palette .................................................. 60
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Table of Contents
Color Channels............................................................................................... 60
Alpha Channels .............................................................................................. 61
Restoring Your Selection ................................................................................ 62
Load Selection Dialog Box.............................................................................. 62
Review Questions: Using Selections and Channels..................................... 64
CHAPTER 5 – USING LAYERS ........................................................................ 67
Layers................................................................................................................ 68
Layers Palette................................................................................................... 69
Layers............................................................................................................. 69
Using Layers..................................................................................................... 71
Transparency.................................................................................................. 71
Moving Layers ................................................................................................ 71
Blend Modes................................................................................................... 71
Preserve Transparency .................................................................................. 72
Layer Masks ................................................................................................... 72
Transforming Layers ....................................................................................... 74
Creating New Layers........................................................................................ 74
Text and Layers................................................................................................ 75
Layer Effects..................................................................................................... 76
Managing Layers.............................................................................................. 77
Changing the Stacking Order ......................................................................... 77
Duplicating Layers .......................................................................................... 77
Merge Options ................................................................................................ 77
Review Questions: Using Layers.................................................................... 78
CHAPTER 6 – EDITING IMAGES ..................................................................... 81
Using the Painting and Drawing Tools........................................................... 82
Color Palette Group ......................................................................................... 82
Brushes .......................................................................................................... 82
Swatches ........................................................................................................ 83
Color Palette................................................................................................... 83
Airbrush Tool.................................................................................................... 84
Airbrush Options............................................................................................. 84
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Table of Contents
Paintbrush Tool................................................................................................ 85
Paintbrush Options ......................................................................................... 85
Rubber Stamp Tool .......................................................................................... 86
Rubber Stamp Options ................................................................................... 86
Pattern Stamp Tool .......................................................................................... 87
History Brush Tool ........................................................................................... 87
Art History Brush ............................................................................................. 89
Art History Brush Options ............................................................................... 89
Eraser Tool ....................................................................................................... 90
Eraser Tool Options........................................................................................ 90
Background Eraser Tool.................................................................................. 91
Background Eraser Options............................................................................ 91
Magic Eraser Tool ............................................................................................ 92
Pencil Tool ........................................................................................................ 92
Line Tool ........................................................................................................... 92
Line Tool Options ........................................................................................... 92
Blur Tool ........................................................................................................... 93
Sharpen Tool .................................................................................................... 93
Smudge Tool .................................................................................................... 93
Dodge Tool ....................................................................................................... 93
Burn Tool .......................................................................................................... 93
Sponge Tool ..................................................................................................... 93
Gradient Tool.................................................................................................... 94
Gradient Tool Options..................................................................................... 94
Gradient Editor ............................................................................................... 95
Paint Bucket Tool............................................................................................. 96
Using the Type Tool ......................................................................................... 96
Type Tool Dialog Box ..................................................................................... 96
Using Filters ..................................................................................................... 99
Applying Filters ............................................................................................... 99
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Table of Contents
Fine-Tuning Filters with Fade ....................................................................... 100
Adjusting Images ........................................................................................... 101
Histogram ....................................................................................................... 101
Channel ........................................................................................................ 101
Mean, Std Dev, Median, Pixels..................................................................... 101
Level, Count, Percentile, Cache Level.......................................................... 102
Using Levels ................................................................................................... 103
Channel ........................................................................................................ 103
Input Levels/Input Levels Sliders .................................................................. 103
Output Levels/Output Levels Sliders ............................................................ 104
Levels Eyedropper Tools .............................................................................. 104
Auto .............................................................................................................. 104
Preview......................................................................................................... 104
Auto Levels..................................................................................................... 104
Auto Contrast ................................................................................................. 104
Curves ............................................................................................................. 105
Color Balance ................................................................................................. 107
Color Balance Fields and Sliders.................................................................. 107
Tone Balance ............................................................................................... 107
Preserve Luminosity ..................................................................................... 107
Brightness/Contrast....................................................................................... 108
Hue/Saturation................................................................................................ 108
Desaturate....................................................................................................... 108
Replace Color ................................................................................................. 109
Selective Color ............................................................................................... 110
Channel Mixer................................................................................................. 110
Invert ............................................................................................................... 110
Equalize........................................................................................................... 110
Threshold........................................................................................................ 111
Posterize ......................................................................................................... 111
Variations........................................................................................................ 111
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Table of Contents
Adjustment Layers ......................................................................................... 112
Using Guides and the Grid for Alignment.................................................... 112
Using Guides ................................................................................................ 112
Using the Grid ................................................................................................ 113
Review Questions: Editing Images............................................................... 114
CHAPTER 7 – CREATING STATIC IMAGES FOR THE INTERNET.............. 118
Creating a Logo in Photoshop ...................................................................... 119
Importing Vector Based Logo Files.............................................................. 119
Preparing the Logo for the Internet .............................................................. 121
Save for Web .................................................................................................. 123
Preview Windows ......................................................................................... 123
Compression Options ................................................................................... 124
Building Compression Options ..................................................................... 124
Compressing Photographic Images.............................................................. 125
JPEG Compression ...................................................................................... 126
Compression Levels ..................................................................................... 126
Creating a Custom Logo................................................................................ 127
Review Questions: Creating Static Images for the Internet ....................... 132
CHAPTER 8 – CREATING BANNERS AND ANIMATED GIFS...................... 134
Banner Dimensions and Restrictions .......................................................... 135
Creating a Static Banner................................................................................ 135
Creating an Animated GIF Banner................................................................ 138
The ImageReady Environment...................................................................... 138
The Animation Palette ................................................................................... 139
Frame Thumbnails........................................................................................ 139
Frame Controls............................................................................................. 139
Animating in ImageReady ............................................................................. 140
Review Questions: Creating Banners and Animated GIFs......................... 143
CHAPTER 9 – CREATING BUTTONS AND ROLLOVERS ............................ 145
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Table of Contents
Creating Buttons with ImageReady.............................................................. 146
Button Size ..................................................................................................... 146
New Document ............................................................................................. 146
The Rectangle Tool ........................................................................................ 147
Rectangle Options ........................................................................................ 147
Rounded Rectangle Options......................................................................... 148
Ellipse Tool Options...................................................................................... 148
Styles Palette.................................................................................................. 149
Creating Custom Styles ................................................................................ 149
ImageReady’s Type Tool ............................................................................... 150
Centering Layers............................................................................................ 151
Creating Rollovers ......................................................................................... 152
Rollover Palette ............................................................................................ 152
HTML Options................................................................................................. 154
Tags Case .................................................................................................... 155
Indent............................................................................................................ 155
Attribs Case .................................................................................................. 155
Line endings ................................................................................................. 155
Always Quote Attributes ............................................................................... 155
TD W, H........................................................................................................ 155
Spacer Cells ................................................................................................. 155
Empty Cells .................................................................................................. 155
Include Comments........................................................................................ 155
Image Maps.................................................................................................. 155
Code ............................................................................................................. 156
Photoshop’s Menus ....................................................................................... 156
Compatibility ................................................................................................. 156
Background Image ....................................................................................... 156
Subfolder ...................................................................................................... 156
Copyright ...................................................................................................... 157
Review Questions: Creating Buttons and Rollovers .................................. 158
CHAPTER 10 – CREATING NAVIGATION BARS.......................................... 160
Tables and HTML Layout............................................................................... 161
Creating a Navigation Bar ............................................................................. 161
Slices............................................................................................................... 164
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Table of Contents
Slice Tool...................................................................................................... 164
Slice Select Tool........................................................................................... 164
Slice Palette .................................................................................................... 165
Type.............................................................................................................. 165
Name ............................................................................................................ 165
URL .............................................................................................................. 165
Target ........................................................................................................... 165
BG ................................................................................................................ 165
Optimizing Slices ........................................................................................... 166
Image Maps..................................................................................................... 166
Creating Image Maps ................................................................................... 166
Review Questions: Creating Navigation Bars ............................................. 168
CHAPTER 11 – CREATING WEB PAGES WITH IMAGEREADY .................. 170
Creating a Web Page with ImageReady ....................................................... 171
Web Page Dimensions ................................................................................. 171
Navigation Bar .............................................................................................. 172
The Logo ...................................................................................................... 174
Corporate Headquarters ............................................................................... 175
Using Slices for Layout ................................................................................. 178
Optimize Slices............................................................................................. 180
Review Questions: Creating Web Pages with ImageReady ....................... 182
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1
Digital Graphics
In this chapter you are introduced to the nature of computer generated
images as well as Internet browser image standards.
Objectives
Upon completing this section, you should be able to:
1. Understand resolution and color depth.
2. Differentiate between bitmap and vector graphics.
3. Explain standard image file-types for the Internet.
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The RGB Color Space
Computer displays are made up of individual dots or units called pixels placed in
rows and columns, like a chart or grid. Each pixel can be one of up to 16 millions
colors. Essentially your computer has a palette that holds a swatch or blob of red
paint, green paint, and blue paint. By mixing these colors together, other colors
are created. Because Red, Green, and Blue are a computer’s primary or
fundamental colors, computer displays are said to operate in the RGB (Red,
Green, Blue) color space or spectrum. Each primary color is made up of 256
individual values or shades (measured from 0 – 255.) By mixing Red at a value
of 190, Green at a value of 81, and Blue at a value of 14 for instance, we get a
dark orange color. Mixing all the colors together at a level of 0 produces black.
Red, Green, and Blue all set to a value of 255 produces white.
Image Resolution, Dimensions, and Color Depth
Resolution in digital imagery refers to pixels per inch (ppi) or density, similar to
how many square feet a particular room in a house might have. Currently,
computer displays are limited to a range of 72 to 96 ppi. For the web, 72 ppi is
the standard. Increasing the density is practical only for images intended for print
and results in large file sizes which in turn result in longer download times.
The amount of pixels contained in the width and height of an image is referred to
as an image’s dimensions. For instance, an image might be 320 pixels wide by
200 pixels high (commonly expressed as 320x200.) Image dimension is a key
element of web design. Currently computers have a common group of fixed
desktop dimensions ranging from 640x480 to 1280x1024 or higher. Web sites
are usually designed “resolution-safe” meaning to the lowest common
denominator, a desktop display at 640 pixels wide by 480 pixels high (640x480).
Within the browser itself a width of 600 pixels is the common limit. This ensures
that everyone viewing web sites with image capable browsers will be able to view
your site.
Color depth describes the maximum amount of colors an image can contain.
The number of colors an image contains is dependent on the image’s bit-depth.
Confused? When users describe an image’s color depth, they might also
describe it in terms of bit-depth. The higher the bit value the more colors the
image can contain.
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Images are made up of one of four standard bit depths: 1 bit, 8 bit, 24 bit, and 32
bit. A 1-bit image consists of either black or white, or two colors. 8 bit images
contain a maximum of 256 colors or 256 shades of gray. 24 bit images contain a
maximum of 16 million colors. 32 bit images can contain over a billion colors;
however, the final 8 bits of the image are commonly reserved for alpha channel
information rather than color. Alpha channels are covered later.
Image Types
In addition to resolution and color depth, images are also distinguished by the
type or kind of image it is. There are two primary image types, bitmaps and
vectors.
Bitmap Images
Bitmap images are the most common type of image file. Bitmap files map out or
plot the image pixel by pixel. Think of a grid once again, where each square
represents each pixel in the image. The image file basically describes each pixel,
such as pixel 300 wide by 250 high is red. Pixel 301 wide by 250 high is also
red. Pixel 302 wide by 250 high is yellow and so on. The larger the image and
the greater the color or bit-depth the larger the file size. Because bandwidth is a
major concern when developing web sites keeping the size of your images to a
minimum is very important. The main benefit of bitmap images is photographic
color, tone, and texture are accurately produced.
Vector Images
Vector images do not plot images on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Instead vector files
contain a description of the image expressed mathematically. Essentially the file
tells the computer about the image and the computer draws it. For instance, an
image of a red circle in vector format, written in plain English, might look
something like this:
• Draw a circle
• Radius is 2 inches
• Color is red
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The main benefit of vector images is there file size, particularly relative to the file
size of bitmap images. Imagine the same circle in a bitmap file. In plain English
it might look something like this:
• Row 1
o Pixel 1x1 is white
o Pixel 2x1 is white
o Pixel 3x1 is white
o Pixel 3x1 is white, etc. until we reach Pixel 800x1
• Row 2
o Pixel 2x1 is white
o Pixel 2x2 is white, etc.
As you can see, describing the circle, and the color surrounding it, on a pixel-by-
pixel basis is a much more laborious and lengthy process than telling the
computer to draw the circle itself.
Unfortunately, vector images, because they describe images in terms of shapes,
lines, curves, points, colors, length, etc., cannot reproduce photographic images.
Vectors are limited to images with continuous tones and definitive outlines.
Furthermore, with the exception of Macromedia’s Flash vector format, vector
images are not yet supported by web browsers. Vector support is coming to the
Internet in the form of the Scalable Vector Graphics format. For information,
consult http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/.
Photoshop is a bitmap image editor. It can, however, load or import vector based
images. On import Photoshop translates the vector description and a bitmap
image is created. Importing vector images is covered in detail later.
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File Types
Bitmap files, at the most basic or fundamental level, are just as described, a map
or plot of each individual pixel. However, image files can and often do contain
other information depending on their use. For instance, the author or creator of
the image might be included, as well as the date and copyright information. In
addition, because bitmaps tend to be large, various methods of compression or
methods to reduce file size have been developed. To designate extra
information and compression methods, different file types have been developed.
File type is not the same as image type where the image is either a bitmap or a
vector. File type designates a particular variety of bitmap or even a particular
variety of vector. With Windows the file type is usually identified by adding a
period followed by three letters to the end of the filename, as in “circle.gif” or
“circle.jpg.” This is called a file extension. On the Macintosh file extensions are
not used to designate file types. A file designating the file type and the
application that created it is attached to the image file instead. However, Web
servers and browsers also use file type extensions so it is advisable that
Macintosh users do the same for images generated for the web.
Web browsers currently support three image file types. They are .gif, or
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF), .jpg or Joint Photographic Experts Group
(JPEG), and .png or Portable Network Graphics (PNG.)
GIF Format
Graphic Interchange Format (.gif) uses a maximum of 256 colors (8-bit color
depth) and uses combinations of these to simulate colors beyond that range. The
GIF format is best for displaying images such as logos, icons, buttons and other
images with uniform colors and tones.
GIF images come in two different versions and have some extra functionality that
JPEGs do not. You can save GIF images in GIF 87 or GIF 89a format (the
extension .gif remains the same.) GIF 89a has the following features that GIF 87
and JPEG files do not:
Interlacing
If you save a GIF 89a image as interlaced, the browser is able to display the
image as it loads, gradually getting crisper and clearer until it has loaded.
Interlaced GIFs have slightly larger file sizes than non-interlaced GIFs, so you
have to decide whether the interlacing effect is worth the extra download time for
your images.
Transparency
With GIF 89a format images you can set a single color to be transparent, that is,
it will allow the background color or image to show through it, similar to using a
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blue screen in cinema. Transparency is most commonly used to make the
rectangular background canvas of an image invisible; this feature can be very
effective in web page design.
Animated GIFs
GIF 89a images can also be animated. Animated GIF images are simply a
number of GIF images saved into a single file and looped. Netscape Navigator
and Microsoft Internet Explorer both display animated GIFs, but many other
browsers cannot, and may not be able to display even the first image in the loop.
Animated GIFs also take longer to download, therefore use animated GIFs with
caution.
JPEG Format (JPEG, JPG)
Joint Photographic Expert Group is the best format for photographs because
JPEG files contain millions of colors (24-bit color space.)
JPEG images do not support transparency or interlacing, but Photoshop allows
you to specify the degree of file compression so you can create a balance
between image quality and file size. JPEG compression for the web is covered
in depth later.
A new addition to the JPEG format is Progressive JPEG. Progressive-JPEGs
boast superior compression to regular JPEGs. They also give you a wider range
of quality settings and offer support for interlacing.
PNG Format (PNG)
Portable Network Graphic is a new bitmap file type developed in part with the
Internet in mind. There are two PNG sub-types, PNG-8 and PNG-24 (the file
type extension remains .png for both.) Both use the same compression method
and support alpha channels or variable transparency, meaning areas of the
image can be partially transparent, similar to tinted windows. PNG-8 is limited to
256 colors (8-bit color depth) and PNG-24 can have up to 16 million colors (24-bit
color depth.) Unfortunately, neither Netscape Navigator nor Microsoft Internet
Explorer offers full support for PNG images. As a result, using PNG images for
your web site at this time is not recommended.
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Review Questions
1. What are the primary colors computers mix to create other colors?
2. What are the primary image types and how do they differ?
3. Color depth is also referred to as?
4. What file types are currently supported by Netscape Navigator and
Microsoft Internet Explorer?
5. Why would you choose to use a JPEG image type instead of a GIF image
type?
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Summary
As a result of this chapter, you should be able to:
• Understand resolution and color depth.
• Differentiate between bitmap and vector graphics.
• Explain standard image file-types for the Internet.
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2
The Photoshop Environment
This chapter introduces you to Photoshop’s workspace. Photoshop’s
tools, menus, palettes and preferences are summarized.
This section contains a lot of information. It’s important to familiarize
yourself with the Toolbox and the Palettes before proceeding with the rest
of the material. You might find the Preferences information of additional
value after you’ve mastered Photoshop’s workspace. The two most
important Preferences are Units & Rulers.
Objectives
Upon completing this section, you should be able to:
1. Identify Photoshop’s default tools, menus, and palettes.
2. Customize Photoshop’s environment.
3. Set preferences specifically for Web development.
4. Understand the relationship between Photoshop and ImageReady.
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