Oracle 9i
This section describes new features of Oracle9i release 2 (9.2) and provides pointers
to additional information. New features information from the previous release is
also retained to help those users migrating to the current release.
Oracle9i
Database Getting Started
Release 2 (9.2) for Windows
March 2002
Part No. A95490-01
Oracle9i Database Getting Started, Release 2 (9.2) for Windows
Part No. A95490-01
Copyright © 1996, 2002 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Craig B. Foch
Contributing Authors: Mark Kennedy, Tamar Rothenberg, and Helen Slattery
Contributors: David Collelo
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Contents
Send Us Your Comments ................................................................................................................... xi
Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xiii
Audience ............................................................................................................................................... xiv
Organization......................................................................................................................................... xiv
Related Documentation ...................................................................................................................... xvi
Conventions......................................................................................................................................... xvii
Documentation Accessibility ............................................................................................................ xxii
What’s New in Oracle9i for Windows ....................................................................................... xxiii
Oracle9i Release 2 (9.2) New Features ............................................................................................. xxiii
Oracle9i Release 1 (9.0.1) New Features ......................................................................................... xxiv
1 Introduction
Document Plan .................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Task Mapping ...................................................................................................................................... 1-2
Oracle9i Windows/UNIX Differences
2
Automatic Startup and Shutdown ................................................................................................... 2-2
Background Processing and Batch Jobs ......................................................................................... 2-2
Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities ....................................................................................................... 2-2
Direct Writes to Disk .......................................................................................................................... 2-3
Dynamic Link Libraries (DLLs) ....................................................................................................... 2-3
iii
Hot Backups ......................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Initialization Parameters: Multiple Database Writers ................................................................. 2-4
Install Accounts and Groups ............................................................................................................ 2-5
Installation ........................................................................................................................................... 2-5
Memory Resources ............................................................................................................................. 2-5
Microsoft Transaction Server ............................................................................................................ 2-6
Multiple Oracle Homes and OFA .................................................................................................... 2-6
Processes and Threads ....................................................................................................................... 2-7
Raw Partitions ..................................................................................................................................... 2-7
Services ................................................................................................................................................. 2-8
Using Oracle9i on Windows 2000
3
How to Perform Common Tasks in Windows NT and Windows 2000..................................... 3-2
Other Differences Between Windows NT and Windows 2000 .................................................. 3-3
DNS Domain Name...................................................................................................................... 3-3
Microsoft Management Console................................................................................................. 3-4
Enterprise User Authentication .................................................................................................. 3-4
Raw Partitions ............................................................................................................................... 3-4
Services Autostart ......................................................................................................................... 3-4
Oracle9i Architecture on Windows
4
Oracle9i on Windows Architecture ................................................................................................. 4-2
Thread-Based Architecture.......................................................................................................... 4-2
File I/O Enhancements ................................................................................................................ 4-5
Raw File Support .......................................................................................................................... 4-5
Oracle9i Scalability on Windows..................................................................................................... 4-6
Support for Very Large Memory (VLM) Configurations ....................................................... 4-6
4 GB RAM Tuning (4GT) ............................................................................................................. 4-8
Large User Populations................................................................................................................ 4-9
Oracle9i Integration with Windows ................................................................................................ 4-9
Oracle PKI Integration ............................................................................................................... 4-10
Active Directory .......................................................................................................................... 4-10
Oracle Net Naming with Active Directory ...................................................................... 4-11
ORACLEMTSRecoveryService ................................................................................................. 4-11
Oracle Fail Safe............................................................................................................................ 4-12
iv
Oracle Real Application Clusters Guard................................................................................. 4-13
Other Sources of Information ........................................................................................................ 4-13
5 Database Tools Overview
Choosing a Database Tool ................................................................................................................. 5-2
Database Tools and Operating System Compatibility ............................................................ 5-2
Preferred Database Tools ............................................................................................................ 5-5
Starting Database Tools ..................................................................................................................... 5-6
Starting Database Tools in Multiple Oracle Homes ................................................................ 5-7
Starting Tools from Oracle8 Release 8.0.4 and Later 8.0.x Multiple Oracle Homes .... 5-7
Starting Tools from Oracle8i Release 8.1.3 and Later Multiple Oracle Homes ............ 5-7
Starting Database Tools from the Start Menu .......................................................................... 5-7
Starting Database Tools from the Command Line ................................................................ 5-10
Starting Oracle Enterprise Manager Console ......................................................................... 5-12
From the Start Menu or Command Line.......................................................................... 5-12
From a Web Browser .......................................................................................................... 5-13
Starting Windows Tools ............................................................................................................ 5-16
Using SQL*Loader ............................................................................................................................ 5-17
Windows Processing Options................................................................................................... 5-17
Default (No Processing Option) or "str terminator_string" .......................................... 5-17
"FIX n" ................................................................................................................................... 5-18
"VAR n" ................................................................................................................................. 5-18
Case Study Files .......................................................................................................................... 5-18
Specifying the Bad File............................................................................................................... 5-19
Control File Conventions........................................................................................................... 5-19
Using Windows Tools ...................................................................................................................... 5-20
Event Viewer ............................................................................................................................... 5-20
Microsoft Management Console .............................................................................................. 5-21
Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT ..................................................................... 5-21
Registry Editor ............................................................................................................................ 5-22
Task Manager.............................................................................................................................. 5-22
User Manager .............................................................................................................................. 5-23
Optional Windows Diagnostic and Tuning Utilities ................................................................. 5-24
v
6 Multiple Oracle Homes and Optimal Flexible Architecture
Introduction to Multiple Oracle Homes and OFA ....................................................................... 6-2
Multiple Oracle Homes Overview .................................................................................................. 6-2
What Is an Oracle Home? ............................................................................................................ 6-3
Benefit of Using Multiple Oracle Homes .................................................................................. 6-3
Multiple Oracle Home Functionality in Different Releases ................................................... 6-3
Oracle8 Releases Before 8.0.4 ............................................................................................... 6-3
Oracle8 Releases 8.0.4 to 8.0.6 .............................................................................................. 6-4
Oracle8i Release 8.1.3 to Oracle9i Release 2 (9.2) .............................................................. 6-4
Oracle8i Release 8.1.5 to Oracle9i Release 2 (9.2) .............................................................. 6-4
One-Listener Support of Multiple Oracle Homes.................................................................... 6-5
Multiple Oracle Home Environments ....................................................................................... 6-5
Oracle Home Environments in Oracle8 Releases 8.0.4 and Later 8.0.x ......................... 6-5
Oracle Home Environments in Oracle8i Releases 8.1.3, 8.1.4, and 8.1.5........................ 6-6
Changing the Value of PATH............................................................................................................ 6-7
Using Oracle Home Selector ....................................................................................................... 6-8
At the System Level on Windows NT ....................................................................................... 6-8
At the System Level on Windows 98 ......................................................................................... 6-8
At the Command Prompt ............................................................................................................ 6-9
Exiting Oracle Universal Installer After Entering Name and PATH ...................................... 6-10
Setting Variables in the Environment or the Registry ............................................................... 6-10
ORACLE_HOME ........................................................................................................................ 6-10
Consequences of Setting ORACLE_HOME..................................................................... 6-11
TNS_ADMIN............................................................................................................................... 6-12
Optimal Flexible Architecture Overview ..................................................................................... 6-12
Benefits of an OFA-Compliant Database ................................................................................ 6-13
Characteristics of an OFA-Compliant Database .................................................................... 6-14
Differences Between Directory Trees by Release ....................................................................... 6-15
Top-Level Oracle Directory....................................................................................................... 6-15
Database Filenames .................................................................................................................... 6-15
Database Filename Extensions.................................................................................................. 6-15
OFA Directory Naming Conventions ........................................................................................... 6-16
ORACLE_BASE Directory ......................................................................................................... 6-16
Changing ORACLE_BASE at the System Level on Windows NT:............................... 6-16
Changing ORACLE_BASE at the System Level on Windows 98:................................. 6-17
vi
ORACLE_HOME Directory....................................................................................................... 6-17
ADMIN Directory....................................................................................................................... 6-17
ORADATA Directory................................................................................................................. 6-18
DB_NAME Directory ................................................................................................................. 6-18
OFA and Multiple Oracle Home Configurations ....................................................................... 6-18
Specifying an ORACLE_HOME Directory.............................................................................. 6-19
Installing a Default OFA Database: Example......................................................................... 6-19
Installing a Nondefault OFA Database: Example 1............................................................... 6-20
Installing a Nondefault OFA Database: Example 2............................................................... 6-21
Increasing Reliability and Performance ....................................................................................... 6-23
Disk Mirroring ............................................................................................................................ 6-23
Disk Striping................................................................................................................................ 6-23
Using Raw Partitions for Tablespaces ..................................................................................... 6-24
Comparison Between OFA on Windows NT and UNIX ........................................................... 6-24
Directory Naming....................................................................................................................... 6-24
ORACLE_BASE Directory ......................................................................................................... 6-25
Support for Symbolic Links on Windows NT ........................................................................ 6-25
Oracle9i Services on Windows
7
Introduction to Oracle9i Services .................................................................................................... 7-2
Oracle9i Services Available on Windows ...................................................................................... 7-2
Using Oracle9i Services ..................................................................................................................... 7-6
Oracle9i Default Accounts and Passwords
8
Overview .............................................................................................................................................. 8-2
Unlocking and Changing Passwords .............................................................................................. 8-3
Granting Limited SYS Database Role Privileges ......................................................................... 8-4
Reviewing Accounts and Passwords .............................................................................................. 8-4
9 Configuration Parameters and the Registry
About Configuration Parameters..................................................................................................... 9-2
Registry Overview .............................................................................................................................. 9-2
Registry Parameters ............................................................................................................................ 9-3
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\HOMEID ....................................................... 9-4
vii
MSHELP_TOOLS ..................................................................................................................... 9-4
NLS_LANG ............................................................................................................................... 9-4
ORA_CWD ............................................................................................................................... .. 9-4
ORA_SID_AUTOSTART ......................................................................................................... 9-4
ORA_SID_PFILE ................................................................................................................... 9-5
ORA_SID_SHUTDOWN ............................................................................................................ 9-5
ORA_SID_SHUTDOWN_TIMEOUT ........................................................................................ 9-5
ORA_SID_SHUTDOWNTYPE .................................................................................................. 9-5
ORA_TZFILE .......................................................................................................................... 9-5
ORACLE_AFFINITY .............................................................................................................. 9-6
ORACLE_BASE ........................................................................................................................ 9-6
ORACLE_GROUP_NAME ......................................................................................................... 9-6
ORACLE_HOME ........................................................................................................................ 9-6
ORACLE_HOME_KEY .............................................................................................................. 9-7
ORACLE_HOME_NAME ............................................................................................................ 9-7
ORACLE_PRIORITY .............................................................................................................. 9-7
ORACLE_SID .......................................................................................................................... 9-7
RDBMS_ARCHIVE ................................................................................................................... 9-7
OSAUTH_PREFIX_DOMAIN .................................................................................................. 9-8
OSAUTH_X509_NAME ............................................................................................................ 9-8
RDBMS_CONTROL ................................................................................................................... 9-8
SQLPATH ............................................................................................................................... .. 9-8
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE ........................................................................ 9-8
INST_LOC ............................................................................................................................... 9-8
OO4O ............................................................................................................................... ......... 9-8
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\ALL_HOMES ............................................... 9-9
DEFAULT_HOME ..................................................................................................................... 9-9
HOME_COUNTER ..................................................................................................................... 9-9
LAST_HOME ............................................................................................................................ 9-9
IDx ............................................................................................................................... ............ 9-9
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services ............................ 9-9
Parameters for Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT ................................... 9-10
Parameters for Oracle Services .......................................................................................... 9-11
Oracle Real Application Clusters Registry Parameters ............................................................. 9-12
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\OSD9I ....................................................... 9-12
viii
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\OSD9I\CM ................................................ 9-12
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\ORACLE\OSD9I\IPC ............................................. 9-13
Parameter Data Types and Default Values............................................................................. 9-14
Modifying a Registry Value with regedt32 .................................................................................. 9-14
Adding a Registry Parameter with regedt32................................................................................ 9-16
Adding or Modifying Registry Parameters with Oracle Administration Assistant for
Windows NT ...................................................................................................................................... 9-17
Starting Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows NT................................................ 9-18
Adding Oracle Home Parameters ............................................................................................ 9-20
Editing Oracle Home Parameters............................................................................................. 9-21
Deleting Oracle Home Parameters .......................................................................................... 9-22
Modifying Oracle Performance Monitor for Windows NT Parameters ................................ 9-22
Using OPERFCFG Utility .......................................................................................................... 9-23
Using Oracle Administration Assistant for Windows NT ................................................... 9-24
10 Developing Applications for Windows
Finding Information on Application Development for Windows.......................................... 10-2
Java Enhancements..................................................................................................................... 10-2
XML Support............................................................................................................................... 10-2
Support for Internet Applications ............................................................................................ 10-2
Application Wizards .................................................................................................................. 10-2
Oracle COM/COM+ Integration Feature ............................................................................... 10-3
ORACLEMTSRecoveryService................................................................................................. 10-3
Pro*C/C++ and Pro*COBOL Applications ............................................................................ 10-3
OLE DB......................................................................................................................................... 10-3
Developing Windows Applications .............................................................................................. 10-4
Developing Internet Applications............................................................................................ 10-5
Building External Procedures ......................................................................................................... 10-7
External Procedures Overview................................................................................................. 10-7
Task 1: Installing and Configuring .......................................................................................... 10-8
Installing Oracle9i Database .............................................................................................. 10-8
Configuring Oracle Net Services....................................................................................... 10-8
Task 2: Writing an External Procedure.................................................................................... 10-9
Task 3: Building a DLL ............................................................................................................ 10-10
Task 4: Registering an External Procedure ........................................................................... 10-11
ix
Task 5: Executing an External Procedure .............................................................................. 10-12
Debugging External Procedures .................................................................................................. 10-13
Using Package DEBUG_EXTPROC ....................................................................................... 10-13
Accessing Web Data with Intercartridge Exchange .................................................................. 10-14
Configuring Intercartridge Exchange .................................................................................... 10-15
Using Intercartridge Exchange ............................................................................................... 10-16
Packaged Function UTL_HTTP.REQUEST ................................................................... 10-17
Packaged Function UTL_HTTP.REQUEST_PIECES.................................................... 10-17
UTL_HTTP Exception Conditions ......................................................................................... 10-18
UTL_HTTP.REQUEST ...................................................................................................... 10-19
UTL_HTTP.REQUEST_PIECES ...................................................................................... 10-19
Exception Conditions and Error Messages ........................................................................... 10-19
A Error Messages
Logging Error Messages .................................................................................................................... A-2
ORA-09275: CONNECT INTERNAL No Longer Supported ..................................................... A-2
OSD-04000 to OSD-04599: Windows NT-Specific Oracle Messages ........................................ A-2
File I/O Errors: OSD-04000 to OSD-04099 ................................................................................ A-6
Memory Errors: OSD-04100 to OSD-04199 ............................................................................. A-10
Process Errors: OSD-04200 to OSD-04299 ............................................................................... A-12
Loader Errors: OSD-04300 to OSD-04399................................................................................ A-16
Semaphore Errors: OSD-04400 to OSD-04499 ........................................................................ A-16
Miscellaneous Errors: OSD-04500 to OSD-04599 ................................................................... A-17
DIM-00000 to DIM-00039: ORADIM Command Syntax Errors............................................... A-19
Database Connection Issues ........................................................................................................... A-26
B Getting Started with Your Documentation
Glossary
Index
x
Send Us Your Comments
Oracle9i Database Getting Started, Release 2 (9.2) for Windows
Part No. A95490-01
Oracle Corporation welcomes your comments and suggestions on the quality and usefulness of this
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xii
Preface
This guide is your primary source of introductory and reference information for
Oracle9i for Windows for both client and server. Differences between product
versions are noted where appropriate.
This guide describes only the features of Oracle9i for Windows software that apply
to the Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows 98 operating
systems. Information on Oracle9i Personal Edition software on Windows 98 is not
covered in this guide.
This preface contains these topics:
Audience
s
Organization
s
Related Documentation
s
Conventions
s
Documentation Accessibility
s
xiii
Audience
Oracle9i Database Getting Started for Windows is intended for:
Database administrators
s
Network administrators
s
Security specialists
s
Developers who use the Oracle9i database
s
To use this document, you need:
Oracle-certified Windows operating system software installed and tested
s
Knowledge of object-relational database management concepts
s
Organization
This document contains:
"What’s New in Oracle9i for Windows"
Oracle9i release 2 (9.2) adds support for very large memory configurations and User
Migration Utility, a new command-line tool. Oracle9i release 1 (9.0.1) added support
for Windows XP Professional Edition, enhanced integration with Windows, and
improvements in Database Configuration Assistant and Oracle Internet Directory
administration. Server Manager and CONNECT INTERNAL were desupported in
Oracle9i release 1 (9.0.1).
Chapter 1, "Introduction"
This chapter explains how different groups of users can use this document together
with Oracle9i Database Administrator’s Guide for Windows and Oracle9i Security and
Network Integration Guide.
Chapter 2, "Oracle9i Windows/UNIX Differences"
This chapter compares features of Oracle9i Database for Windows and UNIX. This
information may be helpful to Oracle developers and database administrators
moving from UNIX to Windows platforms.
Chapter 3, "Using Oracle9i on Windows 2000"
This chapter highlights differences between Windows 2000 and Windows NT, with
emphasis on procedures for common database tasks.
xiv
Chapter 4, "Oracle9i Architecture on Windows"
This chapter describes how Oracle9i architecture takes advantage of some of the
more advanced services in the Windows operating system.
Chapter 5, "Database Tools Overview"
This chapter provides a list of preferred and optional tools you can use to perform
common database administration tasks.
Chapter 6, "Multiple Oracle Homes and Optimal Flexible Architecture"
This chapter describes how to use multiple Oracle homes and an Optimal Flexible
Architecture (OFA) configuration for placement of database files.
Chapter 7, "Oracle9i Services on Windows"
This chapter describes Windows services in general and Oracle9i Database
Windows services in particular.
Chapter 8, "Oracle9i Default Accounts and Passwords"
This chapter describes usernames and passwords included in the starter Oracle9i
Database.
Chapter 9, "Configuration Parameters and the Registry"
This chapter describes the use of the registry for various Oracle components. In
addition, this chapter lists the recommended values and ranges for configuration
parameters.
Chapter 10, "Developing Applications for Windows"
This chapter points to sources of information on developing applications for
Windows and outlines a procedure for building and debugging external
procedures.
Appendix A, "Error Messages"
This appendix lists error messages, causes, and corrective actions that are specific to
the operation of Oracle9i for Windows.
Appendix B, "Getting Started with Your Documentation"
This appendix describes the contents of your Oracle documentation set.
Glossary
xv
Related Documentation
This guide is part of a set for developers and database administrators using Oracle9i
on Windows. The other guides in the set are:
Oracle9i Database Administrator’s Guide for Windows
s
Oracle9i Security and Network Integration Guide
s
For information on the components available in your Oracle9i installation type, see
your Oracle9i Database Installation Guide for Windows.
For Oracle product information that is applicable to all operating systems, see your
Oracle9i Online Documentation Library CD-ROM for Windows. Many of the
examples in the documentation set use the sample schemas of the seed database,
which is installed by default when you install Oracle. Refer to Oracle9i Sample
Schemas for information on how these schemas were created and how you can use
them yourself.
If you are not familiar with object-relational database management concepts, see
Oracle9i Database Concepts.
In North America, printed documentation is available for sale in the Oracle Store at
http://oraclestore.oracle.com/
Customers in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (EMEA) can purchase
documentation from
http://www.oraclebookshop.com/
Other customers can contact their Oracle representative to purchase printed
documentation.
To download free release notes, installation documentation, white papers, or other
collateral, please visit the Oracle Technology Network (OTN). You must register
online before using OTN; registration is free and can be done at
http://otn.oracle.com/admin/account/membership.html
If you already have a username and password for OTN, then you can go directly to
the documentation section of the OTN Web site at
http://otn.oracle.com/docs/index.htm
To access the database documentation search engine directly, please visit
http://tahiti.oracle.com
xvi
Conventions
This section describes the conventions used in the text and code examples of this
documentation set. It describes:
Conventions in Text
s
Conventions in Code Examples
s
Conventions for Windows Operating Systems
s
Conventions in Text
We use various conventions in text to help you more quickly identify special terms.
The following table describes those conventions and provides examples of their use.
Convention Meaning Example
Bold typeface indicates terms that are When you specify this clause, you create an
Bold
defined in the text or terms that appear in index-organized table.
a glossary, or both.
Italics Italic typeface indicates book titles or Oracle9i Database Concepts
emphasis.
Ensure that the recovery catalog and target
database do not reside on the same disk.
Uppercase monospace typeface indicates You can specify this clause only for a NUMBER
UPPERCASE
elements supplied by the system. Such column.
monospace
elements include parameters, privileges,
(fixed-width)
You can back up the database by using the
datatypes, RMAN keywords, SQL
font
BACKUP command.
keywords, SQL*Plus or utility commands,
packages and methods, as well as Query the TABLE_NAME column in the USER_
system-supplied column names, database TABLES data dictionary view.
objects and structures, usernames, and
Use the DBMS_STATS.GENERATE_STATS
roles.
procedure.
xvii
Convention Meaning Example
Lowercase monospace typeface indicates Enter sqlplus to open SQL*Plus.
lowercase
executables, filenames, directory names,
monospace
The password is specified in the orapwd file.
and sample user-supplied elements. Such
(fixed-width)
elements include computer and database Back up the datafiles and control files in the
font
names, net service names, and connect /disk1/oracle/dbs directory.
identifiers, as well as user-supplied
The department_id, department_name,
database objects and structures, column
and location_id columns are in the
names, packages and classes, usernames
hr.departments table.
and roles, program units, and parameter
values. Set the QUERY_REWRITE_ENABLED
initialization parameter to true.
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase. Connect as oe user.
Enter these elements as shown.
The JRepUtil class implements these
methods.
Lowercase italic monospace font You can specify the parallel_clause.
lowercase
represents placeholders or variables.
italic
Run Uold_release.SQL where old_
monospace
release refers to the release you installed
(fixed-width)
prior to upgrading.
font
Conventions in Code Examples
Code examples illustrate SQL, PL/SQL, SQL*Plus, or other command-line
statements. They are displayed in a monospace (fixed-width) font and separated
from normal text as shown in this example:
SELECT username FROM dba_users WHERE username = ’MIGRATE’;
The following table describes typographic conventions used in code examples and
provides examples of their use.
Convention Meaning Example
Brackets enclose one or more optional DECIMAL (digits [ , precision ])
[]
items. Do not enter the brackets.
Braces enclose two or more items, one of {ENABLE | DISABLE}
{}
which is required. Do not enter the braces.
A vertical bar represents a choice of two
| {ENABLE | DISABLE}
or more options within brackets or braces. [COMPRESS | NOCOMPRESS]
Enter one of the options. Do not enter the
vertical bar.
xviii
Convention Meaning Example
Horizontal ellipsis points indicate either:
...
CREATE TABLE ... AS subquery;
That we have omitted parts of the
s
code that are not directly related to
SELECT col1, col2, ... , coln FROM
the example
employees;
That you can repeat a portion of the
s
code
Vertical ellipsis points indicate that we
. SQL> SELECT NAME FROM V$DATAFILE;
have omitted several lines of code not
. NAME
directly related to the example.
. ------------------------------------
/fsl/dbs/tbs_01.dbf
/fs1/dbs/tbs_02.dbf
.
.
.
/fsl/dbs/tbs_09.dbf
9 rows selected.
Other notation You must enter symbols other than acctbal NUMBER(11,2);
brackets, braces, vertical bars, and ellipsis acct CONSTANT NUMBER(4) := 3;
points as shown.
Italicized text indicates placeholders or CONNECT SYSTEM/system_password
Italics
variables for which you must supply DB_NAME = database_name
particular values.
Uppercase typeface indicates elements
UPPERCASE SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
supplied by the system. We show these employees;
terms in uppercase in order to distinguish SELECT * FROM USER_TABLES;
them from terms you define. Unless terms DROP TABLE hr.employees;
appear in brackets, enter them in the
order and with the spelling shown.
However, because these terms are not
case sensitive, you can enter them in
lowercase.
Lowercase typeface indicates
lowercase SELECT last_name, employee_id FROM
programmatic elements that you supply. employees;
For example, lowercase indicates names sqlplus hr/hr
of tables, columns, or files. CREATE USER mjones IDENTIFIED BY ty3MU9;
Note: Some programmatic elements use a
mixture of UPPERCASE and lowercase.
Enter these elements as shown.
xix
Conventions for Windows Operating Systems
The following table describes conventions for Windows operating systems and
provides examples of their use.
Convention Meaning Example
Choose Start > How to start a program. For example, to Choose Start > Programs > Oracle - HOME_
start Database Configuration Assistant, NAME > Configuration and Migration Tools >
you must click the Start button on the Database Configuration Assistant
taskbar and then choose Programs >
Oracle - HOME_NAME > Configuration
and Migration Tools > Database
Configuration Assistant.
File and Directory File and directory names are not case c:\winnt"\"system32 is the same as
Names sensitive. The special characters , :, ", C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32
/, |, and - are not allowed. The special
character \ is treated as an element
separator, even when it appears in quotes.
If the file name begins with \\, Windows
assumes it uses the Universal Naming
Convention.
Represents the Windows command
C:\> C:\oracle\oradata>
prompt of the current hard disk drive.
The escape character in a command
prompt is "^". Your prompt reflects the
subdirectory in which you are working.
Referred to as the command prompt in
this guide.
Special characters The backslash special character (\) is C:\>exp scott/tiger TABLES=emp
sometimes required as an escape QUERY=\"WHERE job=’SALESMAN’ and
character for the double quote (") special sal
