®
OCA Oracle Database 11g:
Administration I
Exam Guide (Exam 1Z0-052)
John Watson
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DOI: 10.1036/0071591028
I want to thank Silvia for looking after me (and our house, garden, cats,
and dogs) while I was working on this. She works much harder than me.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
John Watson (Oxford, UK) works for BPLC Management Consultants, teaching
and consulting throughout Europe and Africa. He was with Oracle University for
several years in South Africa, and before that worked for a number of companies,
government departments, and NGOs in England and Europe. He is OCP qualified in
both database and Application Server administration. John is the author of several
books and numerous articles on technology and has twenty-five years of experience
in IT.
About the Technical Editor
April Wells (Austin, TX) is an experienced Oracle DBA who holds multiple
DBA OCP certifications. She currently manages Oracle databases and Oracle data
warehouses at NetSpend corporation in Austin, Texas. Previously, April has worked
for Oracle Corporation in Austin, Texas as on-site support at Dell, at Corporate
Systems in Amarillo, Texas, and at U.S. Steel in Pennsylvania and Minnesota.
Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
CONTENTS AT A GLANCE
1 Introduction to the Oracle Server Technologies .................. 2
2 Exploring the Database Architecture .......................... 31
3 Preparing the Database Environment .......................... 85
4 Creating an Oracle Database ................................. 123
5 Managing the Oracle Instance ................................ 151
6 Configuring the Oracle Network Environment .................. 193
7 Managing Database Storage Structures ......................... 239
8 Administering User Security ................................. 281
9 Managing Schema Objects .................................. 329
10 Managing Data and Concurrency ............................. 375
11 Managing Undo Data ....................................... 415
12 Implementing Oracle Database Security ........................ 443
13 Database Maintenance ...................................... 471
14 Performance Management ................................... 515
15 Backup and Recovery Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
16 Performing Database Backups ................................ 581
17 Performing Database Recovery ............................... 615
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vi OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
18 Moving Data ............................................. 635
19 Intelligent Infrastructure Enhancements ........................ 663
Appendix ................................................ 685
Glossary ................................................. 689
Index .................................................... 705
For more information about this title, click here
CONTENTS
Introduction ........................................ xxi
1 Introduction to the Oracle Server Technologies . . . . . . 1
Position the Oracle Product Family . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Server Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Development Tools and Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Oracle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exercise 1-1: Investigate DBMSs in Your Environment . . . 13
Explain Relational Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Rows and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Data Normalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Understand the SQL Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Appreciate the DBA’s Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Exploring the Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Describe the Single-Instance Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Single-Instance Database Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Distributed Systems Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exercise 2-1: Determine if the Database Is Single
Instance or Part of a Distributed System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Explain the Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The Database Buffer Cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Log Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The Shared Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The Large Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
The Java Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
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viii OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
The Streams Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exercise 2-2: Investigate the Memory
Structures of the Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Describe the Process Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
SMON, the System Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
PMON, the Process Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
DBWn, the Database Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
LGWR, the Log Writer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
CKPT, the Checkpoint Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
MMON, the Manageability Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
MMNL, the Manageability Monitor Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
MMAN, the Memory Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
ARCn, the Archiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
RECO, the Recoverer Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Some Other Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exercise 2-3: Investigate the Processes Running
in Your Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Summarize the Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Physical Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
The Logical Database Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
The Data Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Exercise 2-4: Investigate the Storage Structures
in Your Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3 Preparing the Database Environment .............. 85
Identify the Tools for Administering an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . 86
The Oracle Universal Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Database Creation and Upgrade Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Tools for Issuing Ad Hoc SQL: SQL*Plus
and SQL Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exercise 3-1: Install SQL Developer on Windows . . . . . . . 97
Oracle Enterprise Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Other Administration Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Contents ix
Plan an Oracle Database Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Choice of Operating System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Hardware and Operating System Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Exercise 3-2: Confirm Available Hardware Resources . . . . 104
Optimal Flexible Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Install the Oracle Software by Using the Oracle
Universal Installer (OUI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exercise 3-3: Install the Oracle Home ................ 111
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4 Creating an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Create a Database by Using the Database Configuration Assistant . . . 124
The Instance, the Database, and the Data Dictionary . . . . . . 125
Using the DBCA to Create a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Exercise 4-1: Use the DBCA to Create a Database ...... 129
The Scripts and Other Files Created by the DBCA . . . . . . . . 133
The DBCA’s Other Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5 Managing the Oracle Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Describe the Stages of Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Starting and Connecting to Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Starting the Database Listener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Starting SQL*Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Database Startup and Shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Exercise 5-1: Conduct a Startup and a Shutdown ....... 166
Set Database Initialization Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Static and Dynamic Parameters, and the Initialization
Parameter File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
x OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
The Basic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Exercise 5-2: Query and Set Initialization Parameters . . . . 174
Use the Alert Log and Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
Exercise 5-3: Use the Alert Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Use Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
The Data Dictionary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
The Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Exercise 5-4: Query Data Dictionary and
Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6 Configuring the Oracle Network Environment . . . . . . 193
Configure and Manage the Oracle Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Oracle Net and the Client-Server Paradigm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
A Word on Oracle Net and Communication Protocols . . . . . 196
Establishing a Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Creating a Listener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Database Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Techniques for Name Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
The Listener Control Utility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Configuring Service Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
File Names and the TNSADMIN Environment Variable . . . . 213
Database Links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Exercise 6-1: Configure Oracle Net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Use the Oracle Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
The Limitations of Dedicated Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . 220
The Shared Server Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Configuring Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
When to Use the Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Exercise 6-2 (optional): Set Up a Shared Server
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Contents xi
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
7 Managing Database Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Understand Tablespaces and Dataf iles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
The Oracle Data Storage Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Segments, Extents, Blocks, and Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Automatic Storage Management (ASM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Exercise 7-1: Investigate the Database’s
Data Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Create and Manage Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Tablespace Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Altering Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Dropping Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Oracle-Managed Files (OMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Exercise 7-2: Create, Alter, and Drop Tablespaces . . . . . . . 264
Manage Space in Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Extent Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Segment Space Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Exercise 7-3: Change Tablespace Characteristics . . . . . . . . 269
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
8 Administering User Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Create and Manage Database User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
User Account Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Authentication Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Creating Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Exercise 8-1: Create Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Grant and Revoke Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Object Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Exercise 8-2: Grant Direct Privileges ................. 303
xii OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
Create and Manage Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Creating and Granting Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Predefined Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Enabling Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
Exercise 8-3: Create and Grant Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Create and Manage Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Password Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Resource Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Creating and Assigning Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Exercise 8-4: Create and Use Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
9 Managing Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Create and Modify Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Users, User Accounts, Schemas, and Schema Objects . . . . . . 331
Naming Schema Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Object Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Datatypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
Creating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Exercise 9-1: Create and Modify Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Manage Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
The Types of Constraint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342
Defining Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Constraint State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Constraint Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Exercise 9-2: Manage Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Create Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
Why Indexes Are Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
Types of Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Creating and Using Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Modifying and Dropping Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Exercise 9-3: Create Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Create and Use Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Exercise 9-4: Create and Use Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . 365
Contents xiii
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
10 Managing Data and Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Manage Data Using DML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Database Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Executing SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Transaction Control: COMMIT,
ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Exercise 10-1: Manage Data Using DML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Identify and Administer PL/SQL Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
SQL and Procedural Languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Stored and Anonymous PL/SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
PL/SQL Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Exercise 10-2: Create PL/SQL Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
Monitor and Resolve Locking Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Shared and Exclusive Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
The Enqueue Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
Lock Contention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Deadlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Exercise 10-3: Detect and Resolve Lock Contention . . . . . 406
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
11 Managing Undo Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Explain the Purpose of Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Exercise 11-1: Use Undo Data ...................... 418
Understand How Transactions Generate Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Exercise 11-2: Work with Transactions
and Flashback Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
xiv OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
Manage Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Error Conditions Related to Undo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Parameters for Undo Management,
and Retention Guarantee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424
Sizing and Monitoring the Undo Tablespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Flashback Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Creating and Managing Undo Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Exercise 11-3: Work with Undo Tablespaces . . . . . . . . . . . 431
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440
12 Implementing Oracle Database Security . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Database Security and Principle of Least Privilege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Public Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Security-Critical Instance Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Exercise 12-1: Remove Some Potentially
Dangerous Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Work with Standard Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Auditing SYSDBA Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Value-Based Auditing with Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
Fine-Grained Auditing (FGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Exercise 12-2: Use Standard Database Auditing . . . . . . . . . 461
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
13 Database Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Use and Manage Optimizer Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
Object Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Gathering Statistics Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474
The STATISTICS_LEVEL Instance Parameter . . . . . . . . . . . 478
Contents xv
Exercise 13-1: Gather Optimizer Statistics with
Various Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479
Use and Manage the Automatic Workload Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Gathering AWR Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Managing the AWR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
Statistics, Metrics, and Baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
The DBMS_WORKLOAD_REPOSITORY Package . . . . . . . 485
Exercise 13-2: Monitor the Automatic
Workload Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Use the Advisory Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
The Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
The Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
Automatic Maintenance Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Exercise 13-3: Generate an ADDM Report . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Manage Alerts and Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Alert Condition Monitoring and Notifications . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Setting Thresholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
The Notification System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
Exercise 13-4: Configure Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513
14 Performance Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Use Automatic Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
PGA Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
SGA Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
Automatic Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Exercise 14-1: Set the Memory Management
Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Use Memory Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
Exercise 14-2: Use the Memory Advisors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524
Troubleshoot Invalid and Unusable Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526
Invalid Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
Unusable Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Exercise 14-3: Repair Invalid Objects
and Unusable Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
xvi OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
15 Backup and Recovery Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
Identify the Types of Failure That Can Occur
in an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Statement Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
User Process Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
User Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Media Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Instance Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Exercise 15-1: Correct Statement Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550
Describe Ways to Tune Instance Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551
The Mechanics of Instance Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
The Impossibility of Database Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Tuning Instance Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
The MTTR Advisor and Checkpoint Auto-Tuning . . . . . . . . 555
Exercise 15-2: Monitor Instance Recovery Times . . . . . . . . 557
Identify the Importance of Checkpoints, Redo Log Files,
and Archived Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Checkpointing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Protecting the Online Redo Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Archivelog Mode and the Archiver Process(es) . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Exercise 15-3: Investigate the Redo Log Configuration . . . 565
Overview of Flash Recovery Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Exercise 15-4: Investigate the Flash Recovery
Area Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Configure ARCHIVELOG Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Exercise 15-5: Enable Archivelog Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Contents xvii
16 Performing Database Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Create Consistent Database Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
User-Managed Consistent Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Server-Managed Consistent Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585
Exercise 16-1: Managing Consistent User- and
Server-Managed Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
Back Up Your Database Without Shutting It Down . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
User-Managed Open Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
Server-Managed Open Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592
Exercise 16-2: Perform Server-Managed and
User-Managed Open Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
Create Incremental Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
Exercise 16-3: Make an Incremental Backup . . . . . . . . . . . 596
Automate Database Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Exercise 16-4: Define an Automatic Backup Job . . . . . . . . 597
Manage Backups, View Backup Reports, and Monitor the
Flash Recovery Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
The RMAN Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
Reports on Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
Managing Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Monitoring the Flash Recovery Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Exercise 16-5: Manage RMAN Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
17 Performing Database Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615
Overview of Data Recovery Advisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Recovery from Loss of the Controlfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
Recovery from Loss of an Online Redo Log File Member . . . . 618
Loss of Any Datafile in Noarchivelog Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Loss of a Datafile in Archivelog Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
The Health Monitor and the ADR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
The Capabilities and Limitations of the DRA . . . . . . . . . . . . 621
xviii OCA Oracle Database 11g: Administration I Exam Guide
Exercise 17-1:Use the DRA to Diagnose and
Advise Upon Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Use Data Recovery Advisor to Perform Recovery
(Control File, Redo Log File, and Data File) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624
Exercise 17-2: Repair a Fault with the DRA . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634
18 Moving Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Describe and Use Methods to Move Data (SQL Loader,
Directory Objects, External Tables) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
SQL*Loader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636
Directory Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642
Exercise 18-1: Use SQL*Loader and External Tables . . . . . 644
Explain the General Architecture of Oracle Data Pump . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Data Pump and Export/Import . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647
Data Pump Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Directories and File Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Direct Path or External Table Path? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
Exercise 18-2: Perform a Data Pump Export . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
Use Data Pump Export and Import to Move Data
Between Oracle Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Using Data Pump with the Command-Line Utilities . . . . . . . 653
Using Data Pump with Database Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654
Exercise 18-3: Use Data Pump in Network Mode . . . . . . . . 655
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Contents xix
19 Intelligent Infrastructure Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Use the Enterprise Manager Support Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
The Automatic Diagnostic Repository (ADR) . . . . . . . . . . . . 665
Problems and Incidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
The ADR Command-Line Interface (ADRCI) . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
The Support Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Exercise 19-1: Use the Support Workbench . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Manage Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Types of Patch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Integration with MetaLink and the Patch Advisor . . . . . . . . . 671
Applying Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 672
Exercise 19-2: Download and Apply a Patch . . . . . . . . . . . 677
✓ Two-Minute Drill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
Q&A Self Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Lab Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Self Test Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682
Lab Answer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
About the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Installing and Running MasterExam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
MasterExam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Electronic Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Removing Installation(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
LearnKey Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705
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