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Tài liệu về TOEFl Grammar

Tài liệu ngữ pháp tiếng anh cực hay, phù hợp cho các bạn có nhu cầu học thêm tiếng anh."Toefl Grammar Review" là một tài liệu học tiếng anh có nội dung tốt, phù hợp cho những người có nhu cầu.Bạn sắp sửa đi du học nhưng không tự tin lắm về trình độ Tiếng Anh của mình? Bạn muốn nâng cao trình độ của mình nhưng lại không có thời gian? TOEFL Grammar Review sẽ giúp bạn hoàn thiện...
TOEFl Grammar +1. Chñ ng÷ (subject). 7 β 1.1 Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc. β 1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vµ the β 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vµ another. β 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few β 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch β 1.6 Some, any +2. §éng tõ ( verb) β 2.1 HiÖn t¹i (present) ®2.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present) ®2.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive) ®2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh) ®2.1.4 HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn ( preset perfect progressive) β 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past) ®2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (simple past) ®2.2.2 Qu¸ khø tiÕp diÔn (Past progresive). ®2.2.3 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh (past perfect). ®2.2.4 Qu¸ khø hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn (past perfect progressive). β 2.3 T−¬ng lai ®2.3.1 T−¬ng lai ®¬n gi¶n (simple future) ®2.3.2 T−¬ng lai tiÕp diÔn ( future progressive) ®2.3.3 T−¬ng lai hoµn thµnh (future perfect) +3. Sù hoµ hîp gi÷a chñ ng÷ vµ ®éng tõ. β 3.1 Chñ ng÷ ®øng t¸ch khái ®éng tõ. β 3.2 C¸c danh tõ lu«n ®ßi hái ®éng tõ vµ ®¹i tõ sè it. β 3.3 C¸ch sö dông none, no β 3.4 C¸ch sö dông cÊu tróc either ... or vµ neither ... nor. β 3.5 C¸c danh tõ tËp thÓ β 3.6 C¸ch sö dông A number of/ the number of β 3.7 C¸c danh tõ lu«n dïng ë sè nhiÒu. β 3.8 C¸ch dïng c¸c thµnh ng÷ There is, there are +4. §¹i tõ β 4.1 §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng chñ ng÷ (Subject pronoun) β 4.2 §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng t©n ng÷ β 4.3 TÝnh tõ së h÷u β 4.4 §¹i tõ së h÷u β 4.5 §¹i tõ ph¶n th©n (reflexive pronoun) +5. §éng tõ dïng lµm t©n ng÷ β 5.1 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ lµm t©n ng÷ β 5.2 Ving dïng lµm t©n ng÷ β 5.3 3 ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt β 5.4 C¸c ®éng tõ ®øng ®»ng sau giíi tõ β 5.5 VÊn ®Ò ®¹i tõ ®i tr−íc ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ hoÆc Ving lµm t©n ng÷. +6. C¸ch sö dông ®éng tõ b¸n khiÕm khuyÕt need vµ dare β 6.1 need β 6.2 Dare +7. C¸ch dïng ®éng tõ to be + infinitive +8. C©u hái β 8.1 C©u hái yes vµ no β 8.2 C©u hái th«ng b¸o ®8.2.1 who vµ what lµm chñ ng÷. ®8.2.2 Whom vµ what lµ t©n ng÷ cña c©u hái ®8.2.3 C©u hái dµnh cho c¸c bæ ng÷ (when, where, why, how) β 8.3 C©u hái gi¸n tiÕp (embedded questions) β 8.4 C©u hái cã ®u«i +9. Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh vµ phñ ®Þnh. β 9.1 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ kh¼ng ®Þnh. β 9.2 Lèi nãi phô ho¹ phñ ®Þnh +10. C©u phñ ®Þnh +11. MÖnh lÖnh thøc β 11.1 MÖnh lÖnh thøc trùc tiÕp. β 11.2 MÖnh lÖnh thøc gi¸n tiÕp. +12. §éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt. β 12.1 DiÔn ®¹t thêi t−¬ng lai. β 12.2 DiÔn ®¹t c©u ®iÒu kiÖn. ®12.2.1 §iÒu kiÖn cã thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. ®12.2.2 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. ®12.2.3 §iÒu kiÖn kh«ng thÓ thùc hiÖn ®−îc ë thêi qu¸ khø. ®12.2.4 C¸c c¸ch dïng ®Æc biÖt cña Will, would vµ sould trong c¸c mÖnh ®Ò if +13. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ as if, as though. β 13.1 Thêi hiÖn t¹i. β 13.2 Thêi qu¸ khø. +14. C¸ch sö dông ®éng tõ To hope vµ to wish. β 14.1 Thêi t−¬ng lai. β 14.2 Thêi hiÖn t¹i β 14.3 Thêi qu¸ khø. +15. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ used to vµ get/be used to β 15.1 used to. β 15.2 get / be used to. +16. C¸ch sö dông thµnh ng÷ Would rather β 16.1 Lo¹i c©u cã mét chñ ng÷. β 16.2 Lo¹i c©u cã 2 chñ ng÷ +17. C¸ch sö dông Would Like +18. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÔn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë hiÖn t¹i. β 18.1 Could/may/might. β 18.2 Should β 18.3 Must +19. C¸ch sö dông c¸c ®éng tõ khiÕm khuyÕt ®Ó diÕn ®¹t c¸c tr¹ng th¸i ë thêi qu¸ khø. +20. tÝnh tõ vµ phã tõ (adjective and adverb). +21. §éng tõ nèi. +22. So s¸nh cña tÝnh tõ vµ danh tõ β 22.1 So s¸nh b»ng. β 22.2 So s¸nh h¬n, kÐm β 22.3 So s¸nh hîp lý β 22.4 C¸c d¹ng so s¸nh ®Æc biÖt β 22.5 So s¸nh ®a bé β 22.6 So s¸nh kÐp (cµng ....th× cµng) β 22.7 No sooner ... than (võa míi ... th×; ch¼ng bao l©u ... th×) +23. D¹ng nguyªn, so s¸nh h¬n vµ so s¸nh h¬n nhÊt. +24. C¸c danh tõ lµm chøc n¨ng tÝnh tõ +25. Enough víi tÝnh tõ, phã tõ vµ danh tõ +26. C¸c tõ nèi chØ nguyªn nh©n β 26.1 Because/ because of β 26.2 Môc ®Ých vµ kÕt qu¶ (so that- ®Ó) β 26.3 Cause and effect +27. Mét sè tõ nèi mang tÝnh ®iÒu kiÖn +28. C©u bÞ ®éng +29. §éng tõ g©y nguyªn nh©n β 29.1 Have/ get / make β 29.2 Let β 29.3 Help +30. Ba ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt +31. CÊu tróc phøc hîp vµ ®¹i tõ quan hÖ thay thÕ β 31.1 That vµ Which lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô β 31.2 That vµ wich lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô β 31.3 Who lµm chñ ng÷ cña c©u phô β 31.4 Whom lµm t©n ng÷ cña c©u phô β 31.5 MÖnh ®Ò phô b¾t buéc vµ mÖnh ®Ò phô kh«ng b¾t buéc β 31.6 TÇm quan träng cña dÊu phÈy trong mÖnh ®Ò phô β 31.7 C¸ch sö dông All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which β 31.8 What vµ whose +32. C¸ch lo¹i bá c¸c mÖnh ®Ò phô +33. C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ 1 trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt +34. C¸ch sö dông nguyªn mÉu hoµn thµnh +35. Nh÷ng c¸ch sö dông kh¸c cña that β 35.1 That víi t− c¸ch cña mét liªn tõ (r»ng) β 35.2 MÖnh ®Ò cã that +36. C©u gi¶ ®Þnh β 36.1 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng would rather that β 36.2 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi ®éng tõ trong b¶ng. β 36.3 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi tÝnh tõ β 36.4 Dïng víi mét sè tr−êng hîp kh¸c β 36.5 C©u gi¶ ®Þnh dïng víi it is time +37. Lèi nãi bao hµm β 37.1 Not only ... but also (kh«ng nh÷ng ... mµ cßn) β 37.2 As well as (còng nh−, còng nh− lµ) β 37.3 Both ... and ( c¶ ... lÉn ) +38. C¸ch sö dông to know vµ to know how +39. MÖnh ®Ò nh−îng bé β 39.1 Despite / in spite of (mÆc dï) β 39.2 although, even though, though +40. Nh÷ng ®éng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn +41. Mét sè ®éng tõ ®Æc biÖt kh¸c. PhÇn II TiÕng Anh viÕt I. C¸c lçi th−êng gÆp trong tiÕng anh viÕt +42. Sù hoµ hîp cña thêi ®éng tõ +43. C¸ch sö dông to say, to tell +44. Tõ ®i tr−íc ®Ó giíi thiÖu +45. §¹i tõ nh©n x−ng one vµ you +46. C¸ch sö dông ph©n tõ më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô β 46.1 V+ing më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô β 46.2 Ph©n tõ 2 më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô ®Ó chØ bÞ ®éng β 46.3 §éng tõ nguyªn thÓ chØ môc ®Ých më ®Çu cho mÖnh ®Ò phô β 46.4 Ng÷ danh tõ hoÆc ng÷ giíi tõ më ®Çu mÖnh ®Ò phô chØ sù t−¬ng øng +47. Ph©n tõ dïng lµm tÝnh tõ β 47.1 Dïng ph©n tõ 1 lµm tÝnh tõ β 47.2 Dïng ph©n tõ 2 lµm tÝnh tõ +48. Thõa (redundancy) +49. CÊu tróc c©u song song +50. Th«ng tin trùc tiÕp vµ th«ng tin gi¸n tiÕp β 50.1 C©u trùc tiÕp vµ c©u gi¸n tiÕp β 50.2 Ph−¬ng ph¸p chuyÓn ®æi tõ c©u trùc tiÕp sang c©u gi¸n tiÕp β 50.3 §éng tõ víi t©n ng÷ trùc tiÕp vµ t©n ng÷ gi¸n tiÕp +51. Phã tõ ®¶o lªn ®Çu c©u +52. C¸ch chän nh÷ng c©u tr¶ lêi ®óng +53. Nh÷ng tõ dÔ g©y nhÇm lÉn +54. C¸ch sö dông giíi tõ β 54.1 During - trong suèt (hµnh ®éng x¶y ra trong mét qu·ng thêi gian) β 54.2 From (tõ) >< to (®Õn) β 54.3 Out of (ra khái) >< into (di vµo) β 54.4 by β 54.5 In (ë trong, ë t¹i) - nghÜa x¸c ®Þnh h¬n at β 54.6 on β 54.7 at - ë t¹i (th−êng lµ bªn ngoµi, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh b»ng in) +55. Ng÷ ®éng tõ +56. Sù kÕt hîp cña c¸c danh tõ, ®éng tõ vµ tÝnh tõ víi c¸c giíi tõ GRAMMAR REVIEW CÊu tróc c©u tiÕng Anh Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier. Chñ ng÷ §éng tõ vÞ ng÷ t©n ng÷ bæ ng÷ 1. Chñ ng÷ (subject) • §øng ®Çu c©u lµm chñ ng÷ vµ quyÕt ®Þnh viÖc chia ®éng tõ. • Chñ ng÷ cã thÓ lµ 1 côm tõ, 1 ®éng tõ nguyªn thÓ (cã to), 1 V+ing, song nhiÒu nhÊt vÉn lµ 1 danh tõ v× 1 danh tõ cã liªn quan tíi nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò sau: 1.1 Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vμ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc. - Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã thÓ ®−îc dïng víi sè ®Õm do ®ã cã h×nh th¸i sè Ýt, sè nhiÒu. Nã cã thÓ dïng ®−îc dïng víi a (an) vµ the. - Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi sè ®Õm do ®ã nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu. Do ®ã, nã kh«ng dïng ®−îc víi a (an). - Mét sè c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt vÝ dô: person - people woman – women mouse - mice foot – feet tooth - teeth man - men. -Sau ®©y lµ mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc mµ ta cÇn biÕt. Sand soap physics mathematics News mumps Air politics measles information Meat homework food economics advertising* money * MÆc dï advertising lµ danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc, nh−ng advertisement l¹i lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc. VÝ dô: There are too many advertisements during television shows. There is too much advertising during television shows. - Mét sè danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh− food, meat, money, sand, water, ®«i lóc ®−îc dïng nh− c¸c danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc ®Ó chØ c¸c d¹ng kh¸c nhau cña lo¹i danh tõ ®ã. VÝ dô: This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat. (chØ ra mét lo¹i thøc ¨n ®Æc biÖt nµo ®ã) He studies meats ( ch¼ng h¹n pork, beef, lamb. vv...) B¶ng sau lμ c¸c ®Þnh ng÷ dïng ®−îc víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc vμ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc. Danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc (with count noun) Danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc (with non-count noun) the, some, any a (an), the, some, any this, that this, that, these, those, non none,one,two,three,... much (th−êng dïng trong c©u phñ ®Þnh hoÆc c©u hái many a lot of a lot of plenty of a large amount of a large number of a great deal of a great number of, a great many of. (a) little (a) few less ... than few ... than more ... than more ... than - Danh tõ time nÕu dïng víi nghÜa thêi gian lµ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc nh−ng nÕu dïng víi nghÜa sè lÇn hoÆc thêi ®¹i l¹i lµ danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc. VÝ dô: We have spent too much time on this homework. She has been late for class six times this semester. 1.2 Qu¸n tõ a (an) vμ the 1- a vμ an an - ®−îc dïng: - tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc b¾t ®Çu b»ng 4 nguyªn ©m (vowel) a, e, i, o - hai b¸n nguyªn ©m u, y - c¸c danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng h c©m. vÝ dô: u : an uncle. h : an hour - hoÆc tr−íc c¸c danh tõ viÕt t¾t ®−îc ®äc nh− 1 nguyªn ©m. VÝ dô: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP a : ®−îc dïng: - tr−íc 1 danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng phô ©m (consonant). - dïng tr−íc mét danh tõ b¾t ®Çu b»ng uni. a university, a uniform, a universal, a union. - tr−íc 1 danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, tr−íc 1 danh tõ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt ®Æc ®iÓm, tÝnh chÊt, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn ®Çu trong c©u. - ®−îc dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ sè l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of. - dïng tr−íc nh÷ng sè ®Õm nhÊt ®Þnh, ®Æc biÖt lµ chØ hµng tr¨m, hµng ngµn. VÝ dô: a hundred, a thousand. - tr−íc half khi nã theo sau 1 ®¬n vÞ nguyªn vÑn. VÝ dô: a kilo and a half vµ còng cã thÓ ®äc lµ one and a half kilos. Chó ý: 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( kh«ng cã a tr−íc half). - dïng tr−íc half khi nã ®i víi 1 danh tõ kh¸c t¹o thµnh tõ ghÐp. VÝ dô : a half-holiday nöa kú nghØ, a half-share : nöa cæ phÇn. - dïng tr−íc c¸c tû sè nh− 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth . - Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ chØ gi¸ c¶, tèc ®é, tû lÖ. VÝ dô: five dolars a kilo; four times a day. - Dïng trong c¸c thµnh ng÷ tr−íc c¸c danh tõ sè Ýt ®Õm ®−îc, dïng trong c©u c¶m th¸n. VÝ dô: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! Nh−ng: such long queues! What pretty girls. - a cã thÓ ®−îc ®Æt tr−íc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tªn hä (surname): VÝ dô: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith. a Mr Smith nghÜa lµ ‘ ng−êi ®μn «ng ®−îc gäi lμ Smith’ vµ ngô ý lµ «ng ta lµ ng−êi l¹ ®èi víi ng−êi nãi. Cßn nÕu kh«ng cã a tøc lµ ng−êi nãi biÕt «ng Smith. 2- The - §−îc sö dông khi danh tõ ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ tÝnh chÊt, ®Æc ®iÓm, vÞ trÝ hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn lÇn thø 2 trong c©u. - The + noun + preposition + noun. VÝ dô : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America. - The + danh tõ + ®¹i tõ quan hÖ + mÖnh ®Ò phô VÝ dô: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him. - Tr−íc 1 danh tõ ngô ý chØ mét vËt riªng biÖt. VÝ dô: She is in the garden. - The + tÝnh tõ so s¸nh bËc nhÊt hoÆc sè tõ thø tù hoÆc only way. VÝ dô : The first week; the only way. - The + dt sè Ýt t−îng tr−ng cho mét nhãm thó vËt hoÆc ®å vËt th× cã thÓ bá the vµ ®æi danh tõ sang sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze = deep - freezes. Nh−ng ®èi víi danh tõ man (chØ loµi ng−êi) th× kh«ng cã qu¸n tõ (a, the) ®øng tr−íc. VÝ dô: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse. - The + danh tõ sè Ýt chØ thµnh viªn cña mét nhãm ng−êi nhÊt ®Þnh. VÝ dô: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult. - The + adj ®¹i diÖn cho 1 líp ng−êi, nã kh«ng cã h×nh th¸i sè nhiÒu nh−ng ®−îc coi lµ 1 danh tõ sè nhiÒu vµ ®éng tõ sau nã ph¶i ®−îc chia ë ng«i thø 3 sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: the old = ng−êi giµ nãi chung; The disabled = nh÷ng ng−êi tµn tËt; The unemployed = nh÷ng ng−êi thÊt nghiÖp. - Dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c khu vùc, vïng ®· næi tiÕng vÒ mÆt ®Þa lý hoÆc lÞch sö. VÝ dô: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic. - The + East / West/ South/ North + noun. VÝ dô: the East/ West end. The North / South Pole. Nh−ng kh«ng ®−îc dïng the tr−íc c¸c tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng nµy, nÕu nã ®i kÌm víi tªn cña mét khu vùc ®Þa lý. VÝ dô: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany. - The + tªn c¸c ®å hîp x−íng, c¸c dμn nh¹c cæ ®iÓn, c¸c ban nh¹c phæ th«ng. VÝ dô: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles. - The + tªn c¸c tê b¸o lín/ c¸c con tÇu biÓn/ khinh khÝ cÇu. VÝ dô: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain. - The + tªn hä ë sè nhiÒu cã nghÜa lµ gia ®×nh hä nhµ ... VÝ dô: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cßn gäi lµ gia ®×nh nhµ Smith. - The + Tªn ë sè Ýt + côm tõ/ mÖnh ®Ò cã thÓ ®−îc sö dông ®Ó ph©n biÖt ng−êi nµy víi ng−êi kh¸c cïng tªn. VÝ dô: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter. - Kh«ng dïng the tr−íc 1 sè danh tõ nh− Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, college, university khi nã ®i víi ®éng tõ vµ giíi tõ chØ chuyÓn ®éng (chØ ®i tíi ®ã lµm môc ®Ých chÝnh). VÝ dô: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home. to bed ( ®Ó ngñ) to church (®Ó cÇu nguyÖn) to court (®Ó kiÖn tông) We go to hospital (ch÷a bÖnh) to prison (®i tï) to school / college/ university (®Ó häc) T−¬ng tù in bed at church We can be in court in hospital at school/ college/ university We can be / get back (hoÆc be/ get home) from school/ college/university. leave school We can leave hospital be released from prison. Víi môc ®Ých kh¸c th× ph¶i dïng the. VÝ dô: I went to the church to see the stained glass. He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures. Student go to the university for a class party. • Sea Go to sea (thñy thñ ®i biÓn) to be at the sea (hµnh kh¸ch/ thuû thñ ®i trªn biÓn) Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : ®i t¾m biÓn, nghØ m¸t. We can live by / near the sea. • Work and office. Work (n¬i lµm viÖc) ®−îc sö dông kh«ng cã the ë tr−íc. Go to work. nh−ng office l¹i ph¶i cã the. Go to the office. VÝ dô: He is at / in the office. NÕu to be in office (kh«ng cã the) nghÜa lµ ®ang gi÷ chøc. To be out of office - th«i gi÷ chøc. • Town The cã thÓ bá ®i khi nãi vÒ thÞ trÊn cña ng−êi nãi hoÆc cña chñ thÓ. VÝ dô: We go to town sometimes to buy clothes. We were in town last Monday. Go to town / to be in town - Víi môc ®Ých chÝnh lµ ®i mua hµng. B¶ng dïng the vμ kh«ng dïng the trong mét sè tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt. Dïng the Kh«ng dïng the Tr−íc c¸c ®¹i d−¬ng, s«ng ngßi, biÓn, vÞnh vµ • • Tr−íc tªn 1 hå (hay c¸c hå ë sè Ýt). c¸c hå ë sè nhiÒu. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lackes. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c d·y nói. • Tr−íc tªn 1 ngän nói VÝ dô: VÝ dô: The Rockey Moutains. Mount Mckinley • Tr−íc tªn 1 vËt thÓ duy nhÊt trªn thÕ giíi hoÆc • Tr−íc tªn c¸c hµnh tinh hoÆc c¸c chïm sao vò trô. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion. The earth, the moon, the Great Wall • Tr−íc School/college/university + of + noun • Tr−íc tªn c¸c tr−êng nµy khi tr−íc nã lµ 1 tªn riªng. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: The University of Florida. Cooper’s Art school, Stetson University. The college of Arts and Sciences. • • Tr−íc c¸c sè thø tù + noun. Tr−íc c¸c danh tõ mµ sau nã lµ 1 sè ®Õm. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: World war one The first world war. chapter three. The third chapter. • Kh«ng nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c cuéc chiÕn • Tr−íc c¸c cuéc chiÕn tranh khu vùc víi ®iÒu tranh khu vùc nÕu tªn khu vùc ®Ó nguyªn. kiÖn tªn c¸c khu vùc ®ã ph¶i ®−îc tÝnh tõ ho¸. VÝ dô: The Korean war. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã tõ 2 tõ trë lªn. Ngo¹i • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc cã 1 tõ nh− : Sweden, trõ Great Britain. Venezuela vµ c¸c n−íc ®−îc ®øng tr−íc bëi new hoÆc tÝnh tõ chØ ph−¬ng h−íng. VÝ dô: The United States, the United Kingdom, the VÝ dô: New Zealand, South Africa. Central Africal Republic. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c n−íc ®−îc coi lµ 1 quÇn ®¶o. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c lôc ®Þa, tiÓu bang, tØnh, thµnh VÝ dô: The Philipin. phè, quËn, huyÖn. • Tr−íc c¸c tµi liÖu hoÆc sù kiÖn mang tÝnh lÞch VÝ dô: Europe, California. • Tr−íc tªn bÊt cø m«n thÓ thao nµo. sö. VÝ dô: The constitution, the Magna Carta. VÝ dô: • Tr−íc tªn c¸c nhãm d©n téc thiÓu sè. Base ball, basket ball. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c danh tõ mang tÝnh trõu t−îng VÝ dô: The Indians, the Aztecs. trõ nh÷ng tr−êng hîp ®Æc biÖt. • Nªn dïng tr−íc tªn c¸c nh¹c cô. VÝ dô: Freedom, happiness. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc chung. VÝ dô: To play the piano. VÝ dô: • Tr−íc tªn c¸c m«n häc cô thÓ. Mathematics, Sociology. • Tr−íc tªn c¸c ngµy lÔ, tÕt. VÝ dô: The applied Math. VÝ dô: The theoretical Physics. Christmas, thanksgiving. 1.3 C¸ch sö dông Other vμ another. Hai tõ nµy tuy gièng nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ nghÜa nh−ng kh¸c nhau vÒ mÆt ng÷ ph¸p. Dïng víi danh tõ ®Õm ®−îc Dïng vãi danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc • • another + dt®2 sè it = 1 c¸i n÷a, 1 c¸i kh¸c, 1 the other + dt ®2sè Ýt = ng−êi cuèi cïng, c¸i ng−êi n÷a, 1 ng−êi kh¸c. cuèi cïng cña 1 bé, 1 nhãm. • other + dt kh«ng ®2 = 1 chót n÷a. VÝ dô: another pencil • other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = mÊy c¸i n÷a, mÊy c¸i VÝ dô: other water = some more water. kh¸c, mÊy ng−êi n÷a, mÊy ng−êi kh¸c. other beer = some more beer. • the other + dt kh«ng ®2 = chç cßn sãt l¹i. VÝ dô: other pencils = some more. • the other + dt®2 sè nhiÒu = nh÷ng c¸i cuèi VÝ dô: cïng, nh÷ng ng−êi cuèi cïng cßn l¹i. The other beer = the remaining beer. (chç bia VÝ dô: the other pencils = all remaining pencils cßn l¹i) - Another vµ other lµ kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh trong khi the other lµ x¸c ®Þnh. NÕu danh tõ hoÆc chñ ng÷ ë trªn ®· ®−îc hiÓu hoÆc ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn, chØ cÇn dïng another vµ other nh− 1 ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ. VÝ dô: I don’t want this book. Please give me another. - NÕu danh tõ ®−îc thay thÕ lµ sè nhiÒu th× other ®−îc sö dông theo 1 trong 2 c¸ch (other + nouns hoÆc others) mµ kh«ng bao giê ®−îc sö dông (others + DTSN). - Cã thÓ dïng ®¹i tõ thay thÕ one hoÆc ones cho danh tõ sau another, the other vµ other. L−u ý r»ng this vµ that cã thÓ dïng víi ®¹i tõ one nh−ng these vµ those tuyÖt ®èi kh«ng dïng víi ones. 1.4 C¸ch sö dông litter/ a litter, few/ a few - Little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc : rÊt Ýt, hÇu nh− kh«ng. VÝ dô: There is little water in the bottle. I have little money, not enough to buy groceries. - A little + dt kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc: cã 1 chót, ®ñ ®Ó dïng. VÝ dô: I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket. - few + dt ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu : cã rÊt Ýt, kh«ng ®ñ. VÝ dô: She has few books, not enough for references. - a few + dt ®Õm ®−îc sè nhiÒu : cã mét Ýt, ®ñ ®Ó. VÝ dô: She has a few books, enough to read. - NÕu danh tõ ë trªn ®· ®−îc nh¾c ®Õn th× ë d−íi chØ cÇn dïng (a) few vµ (a) little nh− 1 ®¹i tõ lµ ®ñ. VÝ dô: Are you ready in money? Yes, a little. - quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh¸ nhiÒu. - only a few = only a little = cã rÊt Ýt ( nhÊn m¹nh). 1.5 Së h÷u c¸ch The + noun’s + noun. - ChØ ®−îc dïng trong c¸c danh tõ chØ ng−êi hoÆc ®éng vËt, kh«ng dïng cho bÊt ®éng vËt. VÝ dô: The student’s book. The cat’s legs. - NÕu cã 2 danh tõ cïng ®øng ë së h÷u c¸ch th× danh tõ nµo ®øng gÇn danh tõ bÞ së h÷u nhÊt sÏ mang dÊu së h÷u. VÝ dô: Tom and Mark’s house. - §èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ sè nhiÒu ®· cã s th× chØ cÇn ®Æt dÊu ‘ lµ ®ñ. VÝ dô: The students’ books. - Nh−ng ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ cã sè nhiÒu ®Æc biÖt kh«ng cã s t¹i ®u«i vÉn ph¶i dïng nguyªn dÊu së h÷u. VÝ dô: The children’s toys. - Nã ®−îc dïng cho thêi gian (n¨m th¸ng, thÕ kû, thiªn niªn kû.) VÝ dô: The 1980’ events. The 21 st century’s prospect. - Nã ®−îc dïng cho c¸c mïa trong n¨m ngo¹i trõ mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu. NÕu dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho mïa Xu©n vµ mïa Thu tøc lµ ta ®ang nh©n c¸ch ho¸ mïa ®ã. VÝ dô: The summer’s hot days. The winter’s cold days. The spring’s coming back = Nµng Xu©n ®ang trë vÒ. The autunm’s leaving = sù ra ®i cña Nµng Thu. Tr−êng hîp nµy hiÖn nay Ýt dïng. §èi víi mét sè danh tõ bÊt ®éng vËt chØ dïng trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp thËt ®Æc biÖt khi danh tõ ®ã n»m trong c¸c thµnh ng÷. VÝ dô: A stone’s throw. - §«i khi ®èi víi nh÷ng danh tõ chØ n¬i chèn hoÆc ®Þa ®iÓm chØ cÇn dïng së h÷u c¸ch cho danh tõ ®ã mµ kh«ng cÇn danh tõ theo sau. VÝ dô: At the hairdresser’s At the butcher’s 1.6 Some, any some vµ any nghÜa lµ “1 sè hoÆc 1 l−îng nhÊt ®Þnh”. Chóng ®−îc sö dông víi (hoÆc thay thÕ) c¸c danh tõ sè nhiÒu hoÆc danh tõ kh«ng ®Õm ®−îc. + Some lµ d¹ng sè nhiÒu cña a/an vµ one: VÝ dô: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates. + some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ ®¹i tõ riªng/ ®¹i tõ së h÷u. VÝ dô: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses. Did any of your photos come out well? + some ®−îc sö dông víi : - C¸c ®éng tõ ë thÓ kh¼ng ®Þnh. VÝ dô: They bought some honey. - Trong c¸c c©u hái mµ cã c©u tr¶ lêi lµ ‘yes’. VÝ dô: Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng−êi nãi chê ®îi c©u tr¶ lêi lµ yes) - Trong c¸c c©u ®Ò nghÞ vµ yªu cÇu: VÝ dô: Would you like some wine? Could you do some typing for me? + any ®−îc sö dông: - Víi ®éng tõ ë thÓ phñ ®Þnh VÝ dô: I haven’t any matches. - Víi hardly, barely, scarely ( c¸c phã tõ nµy ®Òu mang nghÜa phñ ®Þnh) VÝ dô: I have hardly any spare time. - Víi without khi without any ... = with no ... VÝ dô: He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty. - Víi c¸c c©u hái Have you got any fish? Did he catch any fish? - Sau if/ whether c¸c thµnh ng÷ mang tÝnh nghi ngê. VÝ dô: If you need any more money, please let me know. I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank. 2. §éng tõ ( verb) §éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh chia lµm 3 thêi chÝnh: - Qu¸ khø. - HiÖn t¹i. - T−¬ng lai. Mçi thêi chÝnh l¹i chia ra lµm nhiÒu thêi nhá ®Ó x¸c ®Þnh chÝnh x¸c thêi gian cña hµnh ®éng. 2.1 HiÖn t¹i (present) 2.1.1 HiÖnt¹i ®¬n gi¶n (simple present) Khi chia ®éng tõ ë ng«i thø 3 sè Ýt, ph¶i cã s ë ®u«i vµ vÇn ®ã ph¶i ®−îc ®äc lªn. VÝ dô: John walks to school everyday. - Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra ë thêi ®iÓm hiÖn t¹i, kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ vÒ mÆt thêi gian vµ hµnh ®éng lÆp ®i lÆp l¹i cã tÝnh quy luËt. - Nã th−êng dïng víi 1 sè phã tõ nh−: now, present day, nowadays. §Æc biÖt lµ1 sè phã tõ chØ tÇn suÊt ho¹t ®éng: often, sometimes, always, frequently. VÝ dô: They understand the problem now. Henry always swims in the evening. (thãi quen) We want to leave now. Your cough sounds bad. 2.1.2 HiÖn t¹i tiÕp diÔn (present progressive) am Subject + is + [verb +ing ]... are - Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra ë thêi hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian ®−îc x¸c ®Þnh cô thÓ b»ng c¸c phã tõ nh− now, right now, presently. - Nã dïng ®Ó thay thÕ cho thêi t−¬ng lai gÇn. VÝ dô: He is learning in the US. L−u ý: §Ó ph©n biÖt t−¬ng lai gÇn vµ hµnh ®éng ®ang x¶y ra cÇn c¨n cø vµo phã tõ trong c©u) VÝ dô: The committee members are examining the material now. ( hiÖn t¹i ®ang kiÓm tra) George is leaving for France tomorrow. (t−¬ng lai gÇn - sÏ rêi tíi Ph¸p vµo ngµy mai) 2.1.3 Present perfect ( hiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh) Have + P2 - Dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra trong 1 qu¸ khø kÐo dµi vµ chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i. Thêi gian trong c©u hoµn toµn kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh. - ChØ 1 hµnh ®éng x¶y ra nhiÒu lÇn trong qu¸ khø kÐo dµi tíi hiÖn t¹i. - Dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for vµ since + thêi gian. - Dïng víi already trong c©u kh¼ng ®Þnh, already cã thÓ ®øng sau have nh−ng nã còng cã thÓ ®øng cuèi c©u. have + already + P2 Subject + has VÝ dô: We have already written our reports. I have already read the entire book. Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment. - Dïng víi yet trong c©u phñ ®Þnh vµ c©u nghi vÊn phñ ®Þnh, yet th−êng xuyªn ®øng ë cuèi c©u, c«ng thøc sau: have Subject + not + P2 ...+ yet ... has VÝ dô: John hasn’t written his report yet. The president hasn’t decided what to do yet. We haven’t called on our teacher yet. - Trong 1 sè tr−êng hîp yet cã thÓ ®¶o lªn ®øng sau to have vµ ng÷ ph¸p cã thay ®æi. Not mÊt ®i vµ ph©n tõ 2 trë vÒ d¹ng nguyªn thÓ cã to. have Subject + + yet + [verb in simple form] ... has VÝ dô: John has yet to learn the material. = John hasn’t learned the material yet. We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We haven’t decided what to do with the money yet. Chó ý: CÈn thËn sö dông yet trong mÉu c©u kÎo nhÇm víi yet trong mÉu c©u cã yet lµm tõ nèi mang nghÜa “nh−ng” VÝ dô: I don’t have the money, yet I really need the computer. My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights. 2.1.4 HiÖn t¹i hoµn thµnh tiÕp diÔn ( preset perfect progressive) Have been + verbing. - Dïng gièng hÖt nh− present perfect nh−ng hµnh ®éng kh«ng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i mµ vÉn ®ang tiÕp tôc x¶y ra. Nã th−êng xuyªn ®−îc dïng víi 2 giíi tõ for, since + time. VÝ dô: John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John has live in the same house for ten years. Mét sè thÝ dô Jorge has already walked to school. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh) He has been to California three times. (h¬n 1 lÇn) Mary has seen this movie before. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh) They have been at home all day. We haven’t gone to the store yet. (thêi gian kh«ng x¸c ®Þnh). John has worked in Washington for three years. HoÆc John has been working in Washington for three years. (vÉn ch−a kÕt thóc - John vÉn ®ang lµm viÖc ë Washington). Ph©n biÖt c¸ch dïng gi÷a 2 thêi Present perfect Present perfect progressive Hµnh ®éng chÊm døt ë hiÖn t¹i, do ®ã cã kÕt • Hµnh ®éng vÉn tiÕp tôc tiÕp diÔn á hiÖn t¹i do • vËy kh«ng cã kÕt qu¶ râ rÖt. qu¶ râ rÖt. VÝ dô: VÝ dô: I have been waiting for you for half an hour. I have waited for you for half an hour (now I stop waiting) (and continue waiting hoping that you will come) 2.2 Qu¸ khø ( Past) 2.2.1 Qu¸ khø ®¬n gi¶n (simple past) Verb + ed - Mét sè ®éng tõ trong tiÕng Anh cã qu¸ khø ®Æc biÖt vµ ®ång thêi còng cã ph©n tõ 2 ®Æc biÖt. - Mét sè c¸c ®éng tõ cã c¶ 2 d¹ng: VÝ dô: Light - lighted - lighted lit - lit Ng−êi Anh −a dïng qu¸ khø th−êng khi chia ®éng tõ vµ ph©n tõ 2 ®Æc biÖt. VÝ dô: He lighted the candle on his birthday cake. Nã th¾p ngän nÕn trªn chiÕc b¸nh sinh nhËt Nh−ng I can see the lit house from a distance. T«i cã thÓ nh×n thÊy tõ xa ng«i nhµ s¸ng ¸nh ®iÖn. • Nã dïng ®Ó diÔn ®¹t 1 hµnh ®éng ®· x¶y ra døt ®iÓm trong qu¸ khø, kh«ng liªn quan g× tíi hiÖn t¹i. • Thêi gian hµnh ®éng trong c©u lµ rÊt râ rµng, nã th−êng dïng víi mét sè phã tõ chØ thêi gian nh−: yesterday, at that moment, last + thêi gian nh−: Last night
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